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FAILURE OF BUILDINGS

DUE TO EARTHQUAKE

BY,

PURASKAR K

INTRODUCTION
Earthquakes mostly cause damage due to ground shaking. The shaking may
be the result of tectonic movement or volcanic activity.
The surface of the earth consists of seven major tectonic plates and many
smaller ones.

The affected areas have variety of


construction
Load bearing masonry construction
Frame structure
Single storey dwellings
Multistoried residential apartments
Commercial or official buildings

MODES OF FAILURE

IN A LOADBEARING MASONRY CONSTRUCTION


Failure due to Foundation Settlement
Shear Movement of the Structural Columns
Shear Movement of the Column due to Cold Joint
Collapse of Block-Masonry Cladding
Alligator Cracking of the Brick-Masonry

FAILURE DUE TO FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT


The main cause of failure for most of the buildings is the differential
foundation settlement.
The differential settlement causes serious cracking of the walls, sagging of
the floors and distress to the structural frame due to development of
additional moments/stresses.
Serious cracking due to differential settlement
and folding of the steps of staircase
Uniform foundation design has been
adopted for non-uniform soil support

Cracks due to non-uniform foundation


settlement

Cracks due to non-uniform foundation


settlement

Shear movement of the column


The floor(entrance lobby) probably
supported on a fill shows significant
sagging.

Shear movement of the column near


plinth level

Sagging of the lobby floor

SHEAR MOVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL COLUMN


Quite large shear movement of the structural columns of the triple storey
building is observed.
Serious structural failure due to shear movement of the ground floor columns

SHEAR MOVEMENT OF COLUMN DUE TO COLD JOINT


Shear movement of the top floor column of an under-construction building is
observed.
The columns for the top floor without roof top were projecting above the roof
of the previous floor.

COLLAPSE OF BLOCK-MASONRY CLADDING


Total and partial collapse of the Block-masonry at many locations was
observed

ALLIGATOR CRACKING OF BRICK-MASONRY


Serious alligator cracking was observed in the brick masonry walls
Mainly due to greater wall length and height and lack of bond with the RCC
structural frame
The buckling of main reinforcement at the beam-column joint due to poor
quality of construction (i.e., stirrups missing)

BUCKLING OF MAIN REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMNS


The buckling of longitudinal column reinforcement due to lack of stirrups is
observed.

THANK YOU!

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