CHAPTER 2:

AGGREGATE
(Mineral particles which have rock)
Pengkelasan batu baur..
Pengredan batu baur.
Sifat-sifat fizikal batu baur.
Ujian fizikal batu baur.

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INTRODUCTION
Agg.

used to describe the gravels, crushed stones and

other types of agg.

Aggregates are produced in a quarry or mine whose

basic function is to convert in situ rock into aggregate with
specified characteristics. Usually the rock is blasted or
dug from the quarry walls then reduced in size using a
series of screens and crushers. Some quarries are also
capable of washing the finished aggregate.
BS 812 and MS 30:1995 describe tests for ascertaining
whether the agg. is suitable for concrete mix or not.
MS 29:1995 only for natural agg.
BS 3797:1964 other light weight agg.
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Aggregate Sources

Aggregates can come from either natural or manufactured sources. Natural

aggregates come from rock.

Igneous rock. These rocks are primarily crystalline and are formed by the
cooling of molten rock material beneath the earths crust (magma).

Sedimentary rocks. These rocks are formed from deposited insoluble

material (e.g., the remains of existing rock deposited on the bottom of an
ocean or lake). This material is transformed to rock by heat and pressure.
Sedimentary rocks are layered in appearance and are further classified
based on their predominant mineral as calcareous (limestone, chalk, etc.),
siliceous (chert, sandstone, etc.) or argillaceous (shale, etc.).

Metamorphic rock. These are igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been
subjected to heat and/or pressure great enough to change their mineral
structure so as to be different from the original rock.

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Plg byk dlm konkrit 50-80%.

Pengaruhi kekuatan dan kelasakan
Murah berbanding simen.
Syarat keras, thn. Lasak, bersih.
Tbhg 2 batu baur halus (< 5mm), kasar
(>5mm) max 40 mm.
Kecil bt. Baur kuantiti simen tinggi
diperlukan dlm konkrit.
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 Bentuk batu baur

Bulat batuan sungai, pantai.
Tidak sekata luluhawa (batuan kerikil, pasir).
Bersudut tajam, runcing dibahagian sisi ( batuan
gunung yang dipecahkan dan dihancurkan kepada
saiz yg dikehendaki)
Nipis batuan berlapis
Panjang (elongated)
Nipis dan panjang.

Nota keadaan permukaan mempengaruhi

kebolehkerjaan bancuhan konkrit dan
kekuatann.
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Sifat Batu Baur yang dipilih untuk menghasilkan konkrit

yang bekualiti :-

Saiz.
Ketidaktelapan.
Tekstur permukaan.
Bentuk butir batu baur.
Kekuatan dan ketahanlasakan.
Ketidaktelapan.
Graviti Tentu.
Kelengaian terhadap bahan kimia.
Serapan.
Keliangan.
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Sifat Batu Baur yang dipilih untuk menghasilkan konkrit

yang bekrualiti :

Saiz - >besar kurangkan guna simen, air dan drying shrinkage.

+ Saiz mak mematuhi mana yang lebih kecil.
Tdk boleh lebih tebal min. anggota struktur.
5 mm kurang dpd jrk antara dua tetulang utama bagi konkrit bertetulang.
5 mm kurang dari tebal penutup konkrit yang min.
Biasa < 18 mm.

Ketidaktelapan serap lembap akibatkan pengaratan besi.

Tekstur permukaan Kasar > kuat ada ikatan sukar dikerjakan, licin senang kerja.
Bentuk butir batu baur pelbagi btk, btk tak sekata baik.

Penting diambil kira dlm pembinaan tangki air, kolam air dll.

Keping dan panjang nisbah air simen tinggi.

Kekuatan dan ketahanlasakan faktor tentukan kekuatan konkrit.

Graviti Tentu nisbah berat batu baur berbdg air
Kelengaian terhadap bahan kimia sulfer tindakbalas dgn. simen + besi, retak +
karat. Bebas dari kotoran.
Serapan semangkin rendah peratusan semangkin baik.
Keliangan jumlah ruang antara partikel bergantung kepada jumlah mampatan yang
dikenakan, bentuk batu baur, gred batu baur.

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1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF AGG.

AGG
HIGH-DENSITY

NORMAL DENSITY

Coarse agg.

Sand

Uncrushed gravel
Crushed stone/gravel

LIGHTWEIGHT
All in agg.

Pumice, expanded shale,

expanded clay

Natural sand
Crushed stone/
gravel sand

Partially crushed gravel

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Batu Tergantung

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UJIAN BATU BAUR

o Kandungan Kekotoran tentukan amount
lumpur dan kandungan bahan asing.
o Ujian warna- tentukan kadar kandungan bhn kimia.

o Tekstur dan bentuk butiran Buat pengelasan

bentuk butiran batu baur.
o Kekuatan batu baur dan kekuatan ikatan
bergantung kepada komposisi dan tekstur dan
struktur.
o Sifat-sifat batu baur o Pengredan (saiz dan agihan butiran)
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1.8 DELETERIOUS SUBSTANCES IN

AGG.

This 3 categories of deleterious

substances can be found in agg;
a) impurities
b) coating
c) particles-salt contamination and
unsound particles.
BS 812:Part 122 describes the method
to determine the content of deleterious
materials in fine agg.

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1.5
GRADING OF AGG.
Obtained by using the sieve analysis test and then the
grading curves can be drawn. The samples has to be
carried out by; a) quartering by hand
b) riffle box
c) sample splitter

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Coarse aggregate is generally the fraction retained on the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve
while fine aggregate is the fraction passing the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve.

Sieve analysis

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Sample Splitter
Is a device for subdividing a sediment sample liquid
volume from one to ten equal parts before laboratory
analysis.
When a sample is poured into the funnel, it flows into
a series of thin rectangular chutes. Each chute leads to
one of two containers placed below the splitter body.
Chutes are staggered to approximate a random split of
both particles and liquid and thereby insure the two
sample halves are nearly identical.
The funnel may be removed to facilitate cleaning. The
inside of the chutes may be scrubbed but only with a
brush no wider than 0.24 cm.

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1.6 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF AGG.

The factors that affecting the properties of agg;
a) strength
b) hardness
c) toughness
d) durability
e) porosity
f) water
absorption

Los Angeles
Abrasion Machine

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1.7 MOISTURE CONTENT

The agg. will absorb the water. It is

related with the moisture content in the
agg. There are 4 categories in
moisture content of agg;
a)
wet/damp
b)
air dry
c)
saturated and surface dry
d)
oven dry/bone dry

BS 812(Part 109):1990 and MS

30:Part 7:1995 describes the method
of determination of the moisture
content and agg.absorption;
a)
oven drying method
b)
modified drying method
c)
bouyancy
d)
siphon-can

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Flexible Pavement Structure

Wearing Course
Binder Course
Roadbase

Sub-base
Subgrade

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Contoh hasil Ujian

Ujian ayakan/Sieve anylsis

Ujian Pemadatan CBR

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Bahan Utama
1. Aggregat
2. Bitumen
Bahan

Aggregat
- Menyediakan
struktur saling
mengunci, tanggung
beban dan salurkan
ke bawah.

Ciri

1.Kuat.
2.Bentuk dan struktur yang baik
3. Kebersihan dan ketulenan
4. Afiniti terhadap bitumen
5. Penyerapan air yang rendah
6. Tahap pengilapan
7. Pengredan yang baik
8. Tahan

Ujian

1.Nilai Penghancuran (ACV) kekuatan

(Agregate Crushing Value)
2. Nilai Sepuluh Peratus (TFV) kekuatan
(Ten Percent Fine Value)
3. Nilai Hentaman Aggregat (AIV)
(Agregate Impact Value)
4. Ketahanan (Soundness)
5. Indeks Kepingan (Flankiness Index)
6. Indeks Pemanjangan
(Elongation Index)
7. Graviti Tentu & Serapan air
(Specific Gravity & Water Absorption)
8. Salutan dan Tanggalan
(Coating & Stripping)
9. Nilai Pengilapan Batu
(Polished Stone Value
10. Analisis ayakan (Sieve Analysis)
11. Nilai Lelasan Los Angles
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(Los
Anglesar
Abrasion Value)

Spec.
JKR
< 30
7.5 %
-12.5%
< 30%

< 25
< 30
< 2%
< 12%
> 40

< 35%

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Impact value test

< 30%

stoned value
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> 40

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Elongation Index

Flankiness < 30
< 25

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10% fine value

Cloride

content
7.5 % - 12.5 %

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Sheepfoot

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