Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AMPS
GSM
Advanced Mobile
Telephone System
TACS
Total Access
Communications System
ETACS
Extended Total Access
Communication System
LTE Advanced
UMTS
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
DAMPS IS-136)
Digital - Advanced Mobile Phone
System Based on
IS-136
UMB
EV-DO Rev C
CDMA2000
WiMAX
WiMAX
802.16m
Other
What is LTE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as the evolution of radio access technology conducted by 3GPP.
The radio access network will evolve to E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network), and the
correlated core network will evolved to SAE (System Architecture Evolution).
Support eMBMS
The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing the user plane and control plane.
The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of the X2 interface, which enabling direct transmission of
data and signaling.
S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more specifically to the MME via the S1-MME and to the S-GW via
the S1-U
Compare with traditional 3G network,
LTE architecture becomes much more
simple and flat, which can lead to
lower networking cost, higher
networking flexibility and shorter time
delay of user data and control
signaling.
UMTS
LTE
SAE
SAE System Architecture Evolution considers evolution for the whole system architecture, including
Flat Functionality. Take out the RNC entity and part of the functions are arranged on e-NodeB in order to reduce the latency and enhance
the schedule ability, such as interference coordination, internal load balance, etc.
Part of the functions are arranged on core network. To enhance the mobility management, all IP technology is applied, user-plane and
control-plane are separated. The compatibility of other RAT is considered.
OFDM
Introduction
OFDM
OFDM has many advantages that can meet the needs of EUTRAN, which is one of B3G and 4G key technology.
OFDM is a modulation multiplexing scheme, and the
corresponding multi-access techniques is OFDMA. OFDMA are
used in LTE downlink.
For LTE uplink the multiple access scheme is SC-FDMA .
OFDM OFDMA
E-UTRA
Band
E-UTRA
Band
FUL_low FUL_high
FDL_low FDL_high
FUL_low FUL_high
FDL_low FDL_high
Duplex
Mode
1920 MHz
1980 MHz
2110 MHz
2170 MHz
FDD
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
FDD
1710 MHz
1785 MHz
1805 MHz
1880 MHz
FDD
1710 MHz
1755 MHz
2110 MHz
2155 MHz
FDD
824 MHz
849 MHz
869 MHz
894MHz
FDD
830 MHz
840 MHz
875 MHz
885 MHz
FDD
2500 MHz
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
2690 MHz
FDD
Duplex
Mode
880 MHz
915 MHz
925 MHz
960 MHz
FDD
1749.9 MHz
1784.9 MHz
1844.9 MHz
1879.9 MHz
FDD
Downlink (DL)
Uplink (UL)
33
1900 MHz
1920 MHz
1900 MHz
1920 MHz
TDD
10
1710 MHz
1770 MHz
2110 MHz
2170 MHz
FDD
34
2010 MHz
2025 MHz
2010 MHz
2025 MHz
TDD
11
1427.9 MHz
1452.9 MHz
1475.9 MHz
1500.9 MHz
FDD
35
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
1850 MHz
1910 MHz
TDD
12
698 MHz
716 MHz
728 MHz
746 MHz
FDD
777 MHz
787 MHz
746 MHz
756 MHz
FDD
36
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
1930 MHz
1990 MHz
TDD
13
37
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
1910 MHz
1930 MHz
TDD
14
788 MHz
798 MHz
758 MHz
768 MHz
FDD
38
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
2570 MHz
2620 MHz
TDD
39
1880 MHz
1920 MHz
1880 MHz
1920 MHz
TDD
17
704 MHz
716 MHz
734 MHz
746 MHz
FDD
40
2300 MHz
2400 MHz
2300 MHz
2400 MHz
TDD
...
10
The values of FDL_low NDL NOffs-DL can be found from 3GPP 36.101,
as below
11
FDD radio frame is 10ms shown as below, divided into 20 slots which are 0.5ms. One slot consists of 7
consecutive OFDM Symbols under Normal CP configuration
LTE consists of time domain and frequency domain resources. The minimum unit for schedule is RB
(Resource Block), which compose of RE (Resource Element)
RE has 2-dimension structure: symbol of time domain and subcarrier of frequency domain
12
Resource Block
13
Uplink-downlink Configurations
Uplink-downlink
configuration
Downlink-to-Uplink
Switch-point periodicity
Subframe number
0
5 ms
5 ms
5 ms
10 ms
10 ms
10 ms
5 ms
D: Downlink subframe
U: Uplink subframe
S: Special subframe
14
GP
10
10
11
12
10
11
15
UpPTS
CP Configuration
CP Length Configuration:
Configuration
Normal CP
Extended
CP
DL OFDM CP Length
UL SC-FDMA CP
Length
f=15kHz
f=7.5kHz
f=15kHz
NULL
16
Sub-carrier of
each RB
Symbol of
each slot
7
12
6
24 (DL only)
3 (DL only)
Physical Layer
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : Carries the downlink user data.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : Carriers information of
the OFDM symbols number used for the PDCCH.
Uplink Channels
MAC Layer
Physical Layer
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : Carries the uplink user data.
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : Carries the HARQ ACK/NACK,
17
scrambling of coded bits in each of the code words to be transmitted on a physical channel
mapping of the complex-valued modulation symbols onto one or several transmission layers
precoding of the complex-valued modulation symbols on each layer for transmission on the antenna ports
mapping of complex-valued modulation symbols for each antenna port to resource elements
Phy Ch
Modulation Scheme
Phy Ch
Modulation Scheme
PBCH
QPSK
PCFICH
QPSK
PDCCH
QPSK
PHICH
BPSK
PDSCH
PMCH
18
scrambling
Phy Ch
Modulation Scheme
PUCCH
BPSK, QPSK
PUSCH
PRACH
Zadoff-Chu
19
Cell-Specific RS
Mapping in TimeFrequency Domain
Similar with Pilot signal of CDMA. Used for downlink physical channel demodulation
and channel quality measurement (CQI)
Three types of RS in protocol. Cell-Specific Reference Signal is essential and the other
two types RS (MBSFN Specific RS & UE-Specific RS) are optional.
Characteristics:
Two Antenna
Ports
RE
Not used for RS
transmission on this
antenna port
RS symbols on this
antenna port
Four Antenna
Ports
Antenna Port 0
Antenna Port 1
Antenna Port 2
Antenna Port 3
20
synchronization signals are used for time-frequency synchronization between UE and E-UTRAN during cell search.
Primary Synchronization Signal, used for symbol timing, frequency synchronization and part of the cell ID detection.
Secondary Synchronization Signal, used for detection of radio frame timing, CP length and cell group ID.
Characteristics:
21
Freq
Time
Freq
Characteristics:
Time
Freq
22
System bandwidth
Standard RB:
23
SF 1
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
CP
OFDM
Symbol 6
Legend:
Downlink Reference signals
PBCH
PSS
SSS
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
PDSCH
SF 0
OFDM
Symbol 5
CP
OFDM
Symbol 4
CP
CP
OFDM
Symbol 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Centre 6 RBs
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
CP
OFDM
Symbol 2
CP
OFDM
Symbol 1
CP
OFDM
Symbol 0
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame =
10 subframe (10 ms)
24
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
OFDM
Symbol 6
CP
OFDM
Symbol 5
CP
OFDM
Symbol 4
CP
CP
OFDM
Symbol 3
CP
OFDM
Symbol 2
CP
OFDM
Symbol 1
CP
OFDM
Symbol 0
Legend:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
SF 0
SF 1
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF
7
SF 8
SF 9Shared Data Channel)
PUSCH
(Physical
Uplink
1 frame =
10 subframe (10 ms)
25
About Cell ID
The initial cell search is carried on after the UE power on. Usually, UE doesnt
know the network bandwidth and carrier frequency at the first time switch on.
UE repeats the basic cell search, tries all the carrier frequency in the spectrum to
demodulate the synchronization signals. This procedure takes time, but the time
requirement are typically relatively relaxed. Some methods can reduce time, such
as recording the former available network information as the prior search target.
Once finish the cell search, which achieve synchronization of time-freq domain
and acquirement of Cell ID, UE demodulates the PBCH and acquires for system
information, such as bandwidth and Tx antenna number.
After the procedure above, UE demodulates the PDCCH for its paging period that
allocated by system. UE wakes up from the IDLE state in the specified paging
period, demodulates PDCCH for monitoring paging. If paging is detected, PDSCH
resources will be demodulated to receive paging message.
(1)
(2)
cell
N ID
3 N ID
N ID
(1)
N ID
(2)
N ID
26
amble
RA Pre
PRACH
p
RA Res
H
C
PDC
onse
27
Uplink power control consists of opened loop power and closed loop power control.
A cell wide overload indicator (OI) is exchanged over X2 interface for integrated intercell power control, possible to enhance the system performance through power
control.
UE report CQI
DL Tx Power
X2
PPUSCH (i) min {PMAX ,10 log10 (M PUSCH (i)) PO_PUSCH (j) (j) PL TF (i) f(i)}
PUSCH power control is the slow power control, to compensate the path loss and
shadow fading and control inter-cell interference. The control principle is shown in
above equation. The following factors impact PUSCH transmission power PPUSCH: UE
UL Tx Power
System adjust
parameters
28
The most appropriate modulation and coding scheme can be adaptively selected according to the channel propagation
conduction, then the maximum throughput can be obtained for different channel situation.
Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
29 29
Page
Handover
30
31
LTE Feature
MIMO
ICIC
SON
ANR
Automatic Detection and Collision PCI
Mobility Load Balancing
CSFB
32
MIMO
Downlink MIMO
Uplink MIMO
DL-MIMO
Virtual-MIMO
33
DL MIMO
SFBC (Transmit Diversity)
User1
codeword
Mod
S
F
B
C
MIMO
encoder
and layer
mapping
UE2
UE1
Multiple data streams transmitted at the same timefrequency resource from different antenna ports
The terminal must have at least 2 Rx antennas for spatial
multiplexing (SM)
3434
Page
ICIC is one solution for the cell interference control, is essentially a schedule strategy. In LTE, some coordination schemes( ICIC )
can control the interference in cell edges to enhance the frequency reuse factor and performance in the cell edges.
Center Band
Center Band
Center Band
Center Band
35
Self-Maintenance
36
New site
configured site
Description:
Description:
Auto
Autoconfigure
configureand
andoptimize
optimizeNeighbor
Neighbor
relations,
relations,intra-LTE
intra-LTEand
andinter-RAT
inter-RAT
X2
X2automatic
automaticsetup
setup
Operator
Operatordefined
definedrules
rulesand
andmonitoring
monitoring
supported
supported
Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Benefits:
Benefits:
Fast
Fastdefinition
definitionof
ofNeighbor
NeighborRelations
Relations
up
upto
to95%
95%lower
lowercost
costof
ofneighbor
neighborrelation
relation
planning
planningand
andoptimization
optimization
Improve
Improvecustomer
customerexperience
experienceby
byreducing
reducing
HO
HOfailure
failurecaused
causedby
bymissing
missingneighbor
neighbor
relations
relations
37
ANR functionality
ANR management is implemented through the following functions:
Automatic detection of missing neighboring cells
Automatic evaluation of neighbor relations
Automatic detection of Physical Cell Identifier (PCI) collisions
Automatic detection of abnormal neighboring cell coverage
Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) can automatically add and maintain neighbor relations. The initial network
construction, however, should not fully depend on ANR for the following considerations:
After initial neighbor relations configured and the number of UEs increasing, some neighboring relations may be
missing. In this case, ANR can be used to detect missing neighboring cells and add neighbor relations.
38
ANR functionality
Two main type of ANR:
Event triggered
Periodical reporting fast ANR
Both Event triggered and Fast ANR are applicable for same system or different systems
39
A PCI collision means the serving cell and a neighboring cell have the same PCI but different
ECGIs. PCI collisions may be caused by improper network planning or abnormal neighboring cell
coverage (also known as cross-cell coverage). If two neighboring cells have the same PCI,
interference will be generated.
When a PCI collision occurs, the eNodeB cannot determine the target cell for a handover. In this
situation, the handover performance deteriorates and the handover success rate is reduced.
40
41
Cell B
Cell C
Description:
Description:
Exchange
Exchangecell
cellload
loadinformation
informationover
overX2
X2
Offload
Offloadcongested
congestedcells
cells
Optimize
Optimizecell
cellreselection
reselection/ /handover
handover
parameters
parameters
Benefits:
Benefits:
Increase
Increase10%
10%system
systemcapacity
capacityand
and10%-20%
10%-20%
Cell A
Cell B
Cell C
access
accesssuccess
successrate
ratein
inunbalance
unbalancescenario
scenario
Improve
Improvecustomer
customerexperience
experienceby
byreducing
reducing
call
calldrop
droprate,
rate,handover
handoverfailure
failurerate,
rate,and
and
unnecessary
unnecessaryredirection
redirectioncaused
causedby
by
unbalanced
unbalancedload
load
42
How to solve
Mobility Problems?
unnecessary HO Rate
HO successful rate
PING
PONG
Description:
Description:
Benefits:
Benefits:
HO
HOparameters
parametersare
areoptimized
optimizedbased
based
Reduce
Reducecost
costof
ofmobility
mobilityoptimization
optimization
Improve
Improvecustomer
customerexperience
experienceby
byreducing
reducing
upon
uponlong
longterm
termUE
UEmobility
mobilitybehavior
behavior
Avoid
AvoidPing-Pong
Ping-Ponghandover,
handover,handover
handovertoo
too
call
calldrop
droprate
rateand
andhandover
handoverfailure
failurerate
rate
early,
early,handover
handovertoo
toolate,
late,etc
etc
Copyright2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
43
THANK YOU
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
PAPR
Cyclic Prefix
45