Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AC Generators
Synchronous Generators(SG)
Cylindrical Rotor Generators
High Speed Generators(Steam Turbine powered)
Induction Generators
Induction Motors used as Generators(IMAG or IG)
Three Phase Squirrel Cage induction motors are
used
Excitation through Capacitor banks or through
national grid
Comparison between SG
and IG
Synchronous
Salient Pole rotor
Generator
High efficiency (92%95%) in Mini Hydro
range
Costlier
High Inertia
Suitable for highly
fluctuating load
Reactive power
capability
Induction Generator
Squirrel Cage rotor
Low efficiency(82%86%) in Mini Hydro
range
Low cost
Low Inertia
Not suitable for
fluctuating load
No reactive power
capability
Induction Generator
No voltage adjustment
Low maintenance due
to rugged squirrel
cage rotor
Rapid decay of current
in case of fault and
hence no contribution
to sustained fault
current
SIZINGOFGENERATOR
kWratingofgeneratorshouldbecompatiblewithkW
ratingofturbine.
Withoutexceedingitsratednameplatetemperature
rise,thegeneratorshouldhavesufficientcontinuous
capacitytohandlethemaximumkWavailablefromthe
turbineat90%gateopening.
Anypossiblefuturechangestotheprojectsuchas
raisingtheforebaylevelandincreasingturbineoutput
capability should be considered whiledeterminingthe
generatorcapacity.
Forvariableheadpowerplant,thegeneratorisrated
forturbineoutputatratedhead.
kVA RATING,POWERFACTORAND
FREQUENCY
Fixedbyconsiderationoftheanticipatedloa
d,
thelocationoftheplantrelativetothepower
systemloadcenters,thetransmissionlines,
substationsanddistributionfacilitiesinvolved.
InNepal,3phasepowersupplywith
frequencyof50Hzisthe standard norm.
Bearings
Vertical Shaft Machines
Thrust and Guide Bearing at NDE side
Vertical
Machine
Bearings contd..
Horizontal Shaft Machines
There are normally two sleeve bearings,
each mounted on a pedestal that is
bolted to the base.
Each bearing liner is made from steel,
lined with white metal and is split on the
horizontal centerline.
Generator Efficiencies
Generator Efficiency is defined as the
ratio of Electrical power output to
mechanical power input
Network instability
Network Instability can be caused by
Local oscillations between generators of the
same power plant
Oscillations due to neighboring power plants
Global oscillations caused by unstable
generators connected to the same network
Protective Relays
A relay is an automatic device which senses
an abnormal condition of electrical circuit
and closes its contacts. These contacts in
turns close and complete the circuit breaker
trip
coil
circuit
hence
make
the
circuit breaker tripped for disconnecting the
faulty portion of the electrical circuit from
rest of the healthy circuit.
Types of Relays
Electromagnetic Relay
Uses electromagnet
Digital/Numerical Relay
Uses software based protection algorithms
to implement various protection functions
Multifunction unit and may include metering
, communication and self diagnostics
Different Relays
Electromagnetic
Relay
Solid State
Relay
Digital Relay
S.
No. Element
1Stator temperature
2Over current (stator and rotor)
3 Earth fault (stators & rotor)
6Over and Under voltage
7 Reverse Power
8 Over/ under frequency
9Oil level in bearing sumps
Then tripping
Immediate
tripping
Immediate
tripping
Immediate
tripping
Immediate
tripping
Immediate
tripping
Immediate
tripping
Then tripping
Then tripping
Lightning Arresters
Alightning arresteris a device
used on electrical power systems and
telecommunications
systems
to
protect the insulation and conductors
of the system from the damaging
effects oflightning. The typical
lightning arresterhas a highvoltage terminal and a ground
terminal.
Earthing(Grounding) System
Grounding is critically important to
achieve
equipment
and
personnel
protection in Mini Hydropower (SHP)
station.
The performance of any electrical or
electronic system is greatly affected
by the state of earthing.
Personnel safety
Equipment and building protection
Electrical noise reduction
To establish a reference
Thank You