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Heating LossesInfiltration and Ventilation

ARCH-432

Attendance
Which civilization
made it a point to
layout whole cities to
take advantage of
passive heating? In
what direction did the
city streets run?
A. Greece
B. Rome
C. Egypt
D. Persia
E. Babylonia

Attendance
The ancient Greeks
did this. What was
shown is Priene
(Prin); (5th Century
B.C.), which had all of
the streets laid out in
an East-West fashion,
thus allowing all
homes to point South.

Attendance
Only primitives and barbarians lacked
knowledge of houses turned to face
the
winter sun, dwelling beneath the
ground
like swarming ants in
sunless caves.
Aeschylus

Greetings
Capt.
Kirk

Aeschylus

Attendance
Aeschylus pronounced Ess ca less
One of the earliest writer of Greek
tragedy before him plays had single
actors who could only respond to a
chorus (group of people). Aeschylus
increase the tragedy to two actors
with dialog.

Big Picture Moment


roof
Infiltration
and
Ventilation

Ceiling
Partitio
n

Glass
conductio
n
Exterior
wall

Floor

roof

Glass
conducti
on
Exterio
r
wall

Five main types of heat loss


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Transmission (conduction)
Infiltration (convection)
Ventilation (convection)
Radiation (radiation)
Moisture migration

Infiltratio
n and
Ventilatio
n

Ceiling

Floor

Summary of Heat Losses


Wall
Roof
Floor
Windows
Doors
Infiltration
Ventilation

Envelope
Losses

What You Need To Know


The difference between ventilation
and infiltration
Calculation methods for both
ventilation and infiltration

What You Need To Be Able To Do


Calculate infiltration/ventilation
loads
Be able to reduce/mitigate
infiltration and ventilation loads
Employ techniques for increasing
ventilation effectiveness

Terms
Infiltration
Exfiltration
Ventilation
Direct Outside Air System (DOAS)

Infiltration
The uncontrolled
introduction of
outside air into a
building.

Infiltration
The uncontrolled introduction of fresh air into a
building.
1. Most subjective of all losses
2. Oftentimes the largest of all heat losses.
Sometimes comprises up to 30% of the
total
heating load.
3. Ends up being an educated guess

Why Is This Important?


All buildings leak
A tight building will
leak .5 AC/H
A leaky building can
leak 3 AC/H
Regardless of
climate, air leaking
into walls causes
problems

Ventilation
The mechanical introduction of
outside air (OA) to:

Replace Oxygen
Dilute contaminants
Pressurize the building

Moisture Load

Infiltration Calculation
Methods
Crack method
Air Change Method
Averaging method (I dont know
so Im going to throw a dart
method)

Crack Method
Presumes that an accurate estimate
can be obtained by estimating the
rate of infiltration per foot of crack
for doors and windows
CFM = Ft. of Crack x Infiltration Rate
QS = 1.1 x CFM x (T2 T1) in BTU/HR

Add Infiltration Through


Open Door
Determine Door Usage

= Number of People per Minute

Determine CFM per person (D)

CFM = x D

LEED-NC Credit EQ 5
for providing
vestibules.

Infiltration by Crack
Method
Add CFM from Crack losses to CFM
for Open Door losses

Mitigate These Losses


How do you
reduce or
mitigate these
losses?
(Review)

Mitigation Strategies
Pressurization
QS = 1.1 x CFM x (T2 T1)
Vs.

You own the


variables!

QS = 1.1 x (CFH/ft of crack x ft of


crack)/60 x T

Infiltration Variables
Review
Wind velocity and direction
Stack effects
Corner rooms
Exhaust fans on or off
Pressure zoning
Frequency of use
Maintenance

Stack Effect
Review

Air Change Method


Often used in residential construction
and in large warehouses and similar
buildings
CFM = A.C.H. x Volume (ft3)/60
or
CFM = Volume (ft3)/Frequency
(minutes)

Air Change Method


Uses same formula for sensible

Qsens = 1.1 x CFM x T


Equals one room change
Designer will use 0.3 to 2.0 air changes per
hour (ACH)

Occupancy
Climatic condition (i.e. winter vs. summer)
Construction (tight or loose)

Least accurate of the three methods

Table 2-8

Heat Loss Due to


Infiltration
Infiltration
Btu H = (.018) x (ACH) x V x (Ti
To)
ACH = air exchanges per hour
V
= volume
Ti = inside temperature
To = outside temperature

Heat Loss Due to


Infiltration

OR

Heat Loss Due to


Infiltration

Infiltration

Btu H = 1.1 x CFM x (Ti To)


CFM = (ACH x volume) / 60 min per
hour

Heat Loss Due to


Infiltration
Infiltration
Please Note:
For tight construction use 0.5 for ACH.
For medium construction use .85 for ACH.
For loose construction use 1.3 for ACH.
For really bad construction use 2.0 for ACH
For the summer months (cooling) use 70%
of the winter values.

Infiltration & Ventilation


Btu Hour Loss due to
Infiltration Main Area
CFM

Ht.
12

W.
L.
1.10 air exch. vol. In cf
46.66 74.66 1.10
0.5
41,803.63

Temp.
/ 60
Ch.
348.36 76

29,123.19

Btu Hour Loss due to


Ventilation Main Area
Ht.
12

W.
L.
1.10
46.66 74.66 1.10
Occup/
Ra
Rp 1000
0.18
5
10.00

cfm
sf
exchange Occup.
3,483.64 0.180
34.84

Temp.
Ch.
76

66,983.35

Heat Gains Due to


Infiltration

Latent Load
BtuH = 4500 x (air exchanges x
(volume) /60) x
(W Final W Initial)
(W Final W Initial) = Difference Ratio
Pounds of
Moisture per dry air

Heat Loss Due to


Ventilation

Ventilation

Btu H = 1.1 x [(Ra x square feet of


building )
+
(number of people in the building x
Rp )]

x
(Ti To)

Heat Loss Due to


Ventilation

Heat Loss Due to


Ventilation
Ventilation
Ra = Area Outdoor Air Rate
Rp = People Outdoor Air Rate
Example: Pharmacy
Ra = .18
Rp = 5

Heat Loss Due to


Ventilation

Ventilation
Btu H = 1.1 x [ (.18 x 3,632) + (30 x 5)] x
76o
= 67,214

Ventilation
and / or
Infiltration

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