LATERALLY SUPPORTED

BEAMS
ALLOWABLE

BENDING STRESS

I. The following NSCP provisions are applicable only for sections that
are

Symmetrical about the minor axis

Bent about their major axis

Laterally Supported Beams

Allowable Bending Stress
Condition #1. Compact Section
Fb = 0.66Fy (for tension and compression fibers)
bf

170
a)

2t f
Fy
bf
tf

500

Fy

for unstiffened compression flanges

for stiffened compression flanges

d 1680
fa
b)

1 3.74
tw
Fy
Fy

when f a 0.16

Fy

fa
d
675

when
0.16
tw
Fy
Fy

If fa is not given
then it is assumed
to be zero

Laterally Supported Beams

Allowable Bending Stress
Condition #2. Semi-Compact Section
For tension and compression fibers

Fb Fy

170
a)
Fy

bf

0.79 0.00076
2t
f
bf
250

2t f
Fy

Fy

f a
fa
d 1680
b)

1 3.74
when 0.16
tw
Fy
Fy
Fy
fa
d
675

when
0.16
tw
Fy
Fy

STEEL DESIGN

Laterally Supported Beams

Allowable Bending Stress
Condition #3. Non-Compact Section
When conditions 1 & 2 are not met
for tension fibers:

Fb = 0.60Fy
for compression fibers:

Apply the provisions for

LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS

Laterally Supported Beams

Allowable Bending Stress
II. The following NSCP provisions are applicable only for
sections that are
Doubly-symmetrical I and H shapes
Bent about their minor axis

1) Fb 0.75 Fy

bf

170
when

2t f
Fy

2) Fb Fy 1.075 0.0019

bf
170

Fy 2t f

bf

2t f
250
Fy

Fy when

Symbols and Notations

bw= width of the flange , mm
d = depth,mm
tf= flange thickness,mm
tw=web thickness, mm
Fy = yield stress of steel, MPa
Fb = allowable bending stress, MPa
S = section modulus along the axis of bending, mm 3
M = moment capacity, N.mm

M Fb S

Given : Properties of section, Fy, full laterally supported

Reqd :Fb
Case 1;
bf

2t f
bf

170
500
or
Fy
Fy

2t f
Case 2:
bf
170
Fy

bf
2t f

170
500
or
Fy
Fy

175
Fy

250

2t f
Fy
250
Fy

d
tw
and

d
tw

d
1680
675

or
and
tw
Fy
Fy
1680
675
or
Fy
Fy
d 1680

tw
Fy
1680
Fy

Fb 0.66 Fy

bf

Fb Fy 0.79 0.00076

2
t

Fy

Case 3:
a)

170

Fy

bf
2t f
b)

170

Fy

bf
2t f

bf

250

2t f
Fy
170
Fy

250
Fy

and

d
tw

d 1680

tw
Fy
1680
Fy

Fb 0.6 Fy

bf

250

2t f
Fy
170
Fy

250
Fy

Fb 0.6 Fy

For tension fibers

For tension fibers

Laterally suppoeted beams

Given : Fy, bf, tf, d, tw Required : Fb

bf
2t f
170
Fy

Example:
1. Compute the resisting moment of a W310 x 97 with
a) Fy = 248 MPa b) Fy = 345 MPa
Assume the section has full lateral support for its compression
flange.
Section Properties:
W310 x 97
A = 12300 mm2

Ix = 2.22 x 108 mm4

d = 308 mm

Sx = 1.44 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.91 mm

rx = 134 mm

bf = 305 mm

ry = 77mm

tf = 15.4 mm

Sy = 4.78 x 105 mm3

Iy = 7.29 x 109 mm4

Solution
a) Fy=248 MPa

Fb 0.66 Fy

bf

305

9 .9
2t f 2(15.4)
170 170

10.8
Fy
248

Fb 0.66(248) 163.68MPa
bf
2t f

170
Fy

M Fb S x
163.68(1.44)(10) 6
M
6
(10)
M 235.7 kN .m

d
308

31.08 d 1680
675
t w 9.91

or
tw
Fy
Fy
1680 1680

106.68
Section is Compact
Fy
248

Solution
b) Fy=345 MPa

bf

305

9 .9
2t f 2(15.4)
170 170

9.15
Fy
345
250 250

13.46
Fy
345

bf

Fb Fy 0.79 0.00076
2t

Fy

Fb 345 0.79 0.00076(9.9) 345 224.34 MPa

M Fb S x
170

Fy

bf

250

2t f
Fy

224.34(1.44)(10) 6
M
(10) 6
M 323.05kN .m

d
308

31.08 d
1680
t w 9.91

tw
Fy
1680 1680

90.45
Section is Semi -Compact
Fy
345

Example:
2. Compute the resisting moment of a W310 x 135 with
Fy = 345 MPa. Consider tension fibers only.
Assume the section has full lateral support for its compression
flange.
Section Properties:
W310 x 135
A = 15300 mm2

Ix = 3.82 x 108 mm4

d = 308 mm

Sx = 1.86 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.91 mm

rx = 145 mm

bf = 400 mm

ry = 77mm

tf = 14 mm

Sy = 5.6 x 105 mm3

Iy = 9.2 x 109 mm4

bf

400

14.28
2t f 2(14)

M Fb S x
207(1.86)(10) 6
M
(10) 6
M 385.02kN .m

170 170

9.15
Fy
345
250 250

13.46
Fy
345
170

Fy

bf

250

2t f
Fy

Section is non-compact

Fb 0.6 Fy
Fb 0.6(345) 207 MPa

LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED
BEAMS
ALLOWABLE

BENDING STRESS

I. The following NSCP provisions are applicable only for beams

Symmetrical about the minor axis

Bent about their major axis

Laterally Unsupported Beams

Allowable Bending Stress
Condition #1
Fb = 0.66Fy for tension and compression fibers when
L Lc (beam is laterally supported)
Condition #2
Fb = 0.60Fy for tension and compression fibers when
Lc < L Lu
(beam is adequately supported)
Condition #3
When L > Lu (beam is laterally unsupported)
Fb = 0.60Fy for tension fibers

Laterally Unsupported Beams

Allowable Bending Stress
The allowable stress on compression fibers is determined
based on the following criteria:

Fy
2

rt

Fy
6

3 10.55 x10 Cb

a) Fb

when
Fb

703000Cb l

Fy
rt

1170 x103 Cb

when

rt
l

rt

3520000
Fy

b) Applicable when the

compression flange area is not
less than that of the tension flange
3520000Cb
Fy

Fb

83 x103 Cb A f
ld

The allowable stress for compression

fibers is the greater between
conditions a) and b) but shall not be
greater than 0.60Fy

Laterally Unsupported Beams

Allowable Bending Stress
Symbols and Notations:
L =
distance between cross sections braced against twist or
lateral displacement of the compression flange, mm. For
cantilever
braced against twist only at the support, L may be
taken as the actual
length.
200b f
138000A f
Lc is the minimum of
and
dFy
Fy

Lu is the maximum of

200b f
138000A f
and
dFy
Fy

rT =
radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression
flange plus 1/3 of the compression web area, taken about an axis in the
plane of the web, mm.
Af = bftf area of the compression flange, mm2

Laterally Unsupported Beams

Allowable Bending Stress

Cb =

1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2 2.3

Where M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at

the ends of the unbraced length, taken about the strong
axis of the
member.

M1/M2 is positive for reverse curvature bending

M1/M2 is negative for single curvature bending
Cb = 1 for simple and cantilever beam

How to determine rt

Axis in the plane of the web

bf

tf

d 2t f
6

tw

N.A

A = area of the compression flange + one third of the area of the compression web

A bf t f
I

(d 2t f )

t f (b f ) 3
12

tw

1 d 2t f
(
)(t w ) 3
12
6

rt

I
A

Laterally Unsupported Beams( W sections)

Given : Properties of section, Fy, L
Reqd :Fb
Case 1:

L LC

LC

200b f
Fy

Fb 0.66 Fy

Case 2: LC L Lu
LC

200b f
Fy

Lu

138000 A f
dFy

Fb 0.60 Fy

L Lu

Case 3:
1. LC
2. Lu
3.

and

703000Cb L

Fy
rt

3520000Cb
Fy

200b f
Fy

6. rt

138000 A f
dFy

7.

Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2 2.3

I
A

L
rt

Cb =1.0 for simple and cantilever beams

4. A b f t f
5. I

t f (b f ) 3
12

(d 2t f )
6

tw

1 d 2t f
(
)(t w ) 3
12
6

8.

9.

703000Cb
Fy

3520000Cb
Fy

Fy
2

rt

Fy
6

3 10.55 x10 Cb

10.

a) Fb

11.
83 x103 Cb A f
Fb
Ld
Use bigger value of
Fb but not to exceed
0.6Fy

L Lu

Case 4:
1. LC
2. Lu
3.

and

rt

3520000Cb
Fy

200b f
Fy

6. rt

138000 A f
dFy

7.

Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2 2.3

I
A

L
rt

Cb =1.0 for simple and cantilever beams

4. A b f t f
5. I

t f (b f ) 3
12

(d 2t f )
6

tw

1 d 2t f
(
)(t w ) 3
12
6

8.

9.

10.

Fb

11. Fb

1170 x103 Cb
L

rt

83 x103 Cb A f
Ld

703000Cb
Fy

3520000Cb
Fy

Use bigger value of

Fb but not to exceed
0.6Fy

Example

A simply supported beam having a span of 12m carries a

concentrated load P acting on the plane of the web. The beam
is a wide flange section W14 x 90, the properties of which are
Ix = 415815 x 103 mm4
Wt = 134.5 kg/m
d = 356.1 mm
Fy = 248 MPa
tw = 11.2 mm
bf = 368.8 mm
tf = 18 mm

If the member is restrained against lateral buckling only at

the supports, find the maximum P that it can carry at its
midspan.

solution
LC

Lu

200b f
Fy

200(368.80)
4683.76mm L
248

138000 A f
dFy

138000(368.8)(18)

10373.35mm L
356.1(248)

therefore : L Lu , Case 3 or 4

A bf t f
I

(d 2t f )

t f (b f ) 3
12

[356.1 2(18)]
t w 368.8(18)
(11.2) 7235.92mm 2
6

3
1 d 2t f
18
(
368
)
1[356.1 2(18)]
3
(
)(t w )

(11.2) 3
12
6
12
12(6)

I 75.24 x(10) 6 mm 4
I
75.24(10) 6
rt

101.97 mm
A
7235.92
L 12000

117 .68
rt 101.97

703000Cb

Fy

703000(1)
53.34
248

3520000Cb
3520000(1)

119 .14
Fy
248
703000Cb L

Fy
rt

53.34 117 .68 119 .14

3520000Cb
Fy

Fy
rt
2 248(117 .68) 2
2

a) Fb
Fy
248 84.6 MPa
6
6

3 10.55 x10 Cb
3 10.55 x(10) (1)

83 x103 Cb A f
83(10) 3 (1) 368.8 (18)
Fb

128.94 MPa
Use
Ld
12000(356.1)
0.6 Fy 0.6(248) 148.8MPa
Fb 128.94 MPa
2

Ix = 415815 x 103 mm4

d = 356.1 mm c =356.1/2=178.05mm
Ix
415815(10) 3
M Fb
128.94 301.12kN .m
6
c
178.05(10)
PL
M
4
P (12)
301.12
4
P 100.37 kN

Problem
A WF section carries a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m
including its own weight and a concentrated load of P acting at
the midspan. If the beam is laterally unsupported, determine
the safe value of P when
a) L = 3.0 m b) L =6.0m c) L = 8.0 m d) L = 10 m
Properties of WF 410 x 114
A = 14600 mm
d = 420 mm bf = 261 mm tf = 19.33 mm

tw = 11.6 mm
Fy = 248 MPa

Sx = 2000 x 10 mm

Sy = 439 x 10 mm

a) L = 3 m
LC

200b f
Fy

200(261)
3314.7 mm L
248

Fb 0.66 Fy 0.66(248) 163.68MPa

2000(10)3
M Fb S x 163.68
327.36kN .m
6
(10)
PL wL2
M

4
8
P (3) 30(3) 2
327.36

4
8
P 391.48kN

b) L = 6 m
Lu

138000 A f
dFy

138000(261)(19.33)

6684.22mm
420(248)

3314.7 6000 6684.22

LC L Lu

Fb 0.60 Fy 0.6(248) 148.8MPa

2000(10)3
M Fb S x 148.8
297.6kN .m
6
(10)
PL wL2
M

4
8
P (6) 30(6) 2
297.6

4
8
P 108.12kN

c) L = 8 m

(d 2t f )

[420 2(19.33)]
A bf t f
t w 261(19.33)
(11.6) 5782.39mm 2
6
6
3
t f (b f ) 3 1 d 2t f
19
.
33
(
261
)
1[420 2(19.33)]
3
I
(
)(t w )

(11.6) 3
12
12
6
12
12(6)
I 27.33 x(10) 6 mm 4

I
27.33(10) 6
rt

68.74mm
A
5782.39
L 8000

116 .36
rt 68.74
703000Cb

Fy

703000(1)
53.34
248

3520000Cb
3520000(1)

119 .14
Fy
248
53.34 116 .36 119 .14

a) Fb

3520000Cb
Fy

Fy
rt
2 248(116 .36) 2
2

Fy
248 86.4 MPa
6
6

3 10.55 x10 Cb
3 10.55 x(10) (1)

703000Cb L

Fy
rt

83 x103 Cb A f

83 x103 (1)261(19.33)
Fb

124.63MPa
Ld
(8000)(420)
0.6(248) 143.8MPa

2000(10) 3
M Fb S x 124.63
249.26kN .m
6
(10)
PL wL2
M

4
8
P (8) 30(8) 2
249.26

4
8
P 4.63kN

d) L = 10 m

L 10000

145.47
rt 68.74
145.47 119 .14

Use
Fb 124.63MPa

a) Fb

b) Fb

Fy
rt
2 248(145.47) 2
2

Fy
248 41.98MPa
6
6

3 10.55 x10 Cb
3 10.55 x(10) (1)

3
3

1170 x10 Cb
L

rt

0.6( 248) 143.8MPa

1170 x (10) (1)

55.29 MPa
2
(145.47)
UseFb 55.29 MPa

2000(10) 3
M Fb S x 55.29
110 .58kN .m
6
(10)
PL wL2
M

4
8
P (10) 30(10) 2
110 .58

4
8
P 105.77 kN The beam is not adequate to support the 30 kN/m

Uniform load hence no additional load can be applied

Plate No. 1

1. Compute the resisting moment of a W530x 290 with

a) Fy = 248 MPa b) Fy = 345 MPa
Assume the section has full lateral support for its compression
flange.
Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A = 9484 mm2

Ix = 4.096 x 108 mm4

d = 529 mm

Sx = 1.54 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.65 mm

rx = 134 mm

bf = 166 mm

ry = 77mm

tf = 16.51 mm

Sy = 4.78 x 105 mm3

Iy = 7.29 x 109 mm4

2. A WF section carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m

including its own weight and a concentrated load of P acting at the
third points of the beam. If the beam is laterally unsupported,
determine the safe value of P when
a) L = 3.6 m b) L =6.2m c) L = 7.8 m d) L = 10.2 m
Properties of WF 542 x 124
A = 19226 mm
d = 542 mm bf = 312 mm tf = 20.32 mm
tw = 12.7 mm
Sx = 3720 x 10 mm
Sy = 639 x 10 mm
Fy = 248 MPa

Steel and Timber Design

Midterm Exam
I
A simply supported beam having a span of 4m carries a concentrated load at the midspan.
The beam is a wide flange section W14 x 90, the properties of which are

Ix = 415815 x 103 mm4

d = 356.1 mm

Wt = 134.5 kg/m

tw = 11.2 mm
bf = 368.8 mm
tf = 18 mm
Assuming full lateral support, compute the maximum value of P when
a) Fy = 248 MPa
b) Fy = 345 MPa
Neglect the weight of the beam

II
A WF section carries a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m including its own
weight and a concentrated load of P acting at the third points of the beam. If the
beam is laterally unsupported, determine the safe value of P when
a) L = 2.4 m b) L =4.2m c) L = 6.0 m
Properties of WF 300 x 42
d = 300 mm
bf = 200 mm
tf = 13.11 mm
tw = 7.47 mm
Ix = 120.75 x 106 mm4
Fy = 250 MPa

III
A simple beam is made up of W640 x 153 (Fy = 248 MPa) and is 6m long.
the bearing length at the support is120mm and at the concentrated load is 150mm.
A load P acting in the plane of the web is acting at the midspan. tw = 12.7mm, tf = 18.6 mm
d = 641 and k = 43.2 mm.
Neglecting the weight of the beam determine the following:
a) maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web yielding
b )maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web crippling
c) maximum value of P the member could carry

a)
Concentrated Load
R
0.66 Fy
t w (N 5k)
P
0.66(248)
12.7[150 5(43.2)]
P 760,817 N
Re action
R
0.66 Fy
t w ( N 2.5k )
P
0.66(248)
2(12.7)[120 2.5(43.2)]
P 947.903.6 N
Use
P 760,817 N

N t w 1.5 Fywt f
R 177.2(t w ) {1 3( )( ) }
d tf
tw
2

150 12.7 1.5 248(18.6)

P 177.2(12.7) [1 3(
)(
) ]
641 18.6
12.7
P 760,391.10 N
2

SHEAR STRESS FOR BEAMS

The allowable shear stress for rolled and fabricated shapes
may be taken as

Fv = 0.4Fy
The effective area in resisting shear is taken as the overall
depth times the web thickness

Therefore,

Av = d tw
V
fv
Fv
d tw

The shear stress distribution across any section subjected to bending can
be computed using the equation

VQ
fv
Ib

Example

What is the span length L and the uniformly distributed load w (excluding the beam
weight) for a beam of A36 steel (Fy = 248 MPa) shown such that either Fv or Fb
will control? The beam is restrained against lateral buckling only at the supports.

W14 x 90 section properties:

Ix = 415815 x 103 mm4

Wt = 134.5 kg/m

d = 356.1 mm

bf = 368.8 mm

tw = 11.2 mm

tf = 18 mm
W kN/m

W14 x 90

Max Shear
Max Moment
Shear

V
FV
d tw

0.4 Fy

WL
V
2

Bending
d
Fb M 2
Ix

WL2
M
8
Subject
To checking

V
dt w

WL(1000)
2(356.1)(11.2)
WL 791.28 EQ.1 W in kN/m, L in M
0.4(248)

Md
0.6 Fy
2I x
WL2 (356.1)(10) 6
0.6(248)
2(8)(415815)(10) 3
WL2 2780.04 W in kN/m, L in M
WL( L) 2780.04
791.28L 2780.04
L 3.51m

Check
LC

200b f
Fy

Adjust Fb = 0.66Fy

200(368.8)
4683.7 mm L
248

Beam is laterally supported

Md
0.66 Fy
2I x
WL2 (356.1)(10) 6
0.66(248)
2(8)(415815)(10) 3
WL2 3058.04
WL( L) 3058.04
791.28L 3058.04
L 3.86m 4683.7 mm
UseL 3.86m
WL 791.28
3.86W 791.28
W 205kN / m

Examples
Compute the shear capacity of a wide flange section having a flange
thickness of 10 mm, flange width of 200 mm, and web thickness of 20
mm. Distance from top to bottom of the flange is 300 mm. Fy = 300
MPa

Given :

b f 200 mm, t f 10 mm , t w 20 mm, d 300 mm

Fy 300 MPa
V
FV
d tw
V
0.4 Fy
dt w
V
0.4(300)
300(20)
V 720000 N 720kN

A structural steel I beam is subject to a shear of 90 kN. The top

and bottom flanges are 12 mm by 150 mm, the web 9 mm by 300
mm. The moment of inertia I about the nuetral axis is 108,000,000
mm4 and the first moment of area Q about the nuetral axis is
382,050 mm. Determine the maximum shearing stress in the beam.

Location of
Maximum shearing
stress

N.A

150
12
9

300

VQ
fv
Ib

Solution

V 90kN 90,000 N
Q 382,050mm3
I 108,000,000mm
b 9mm
VQ
f v max
Ib
90,000(382,050)
f v max
35.375MPa
108,000,000(9)
4

LOCAL WEB YEILDING

Local web yeilding occurs when a concentrated load is applied normal to
one flange and symmetric to the web. Such concentrated load may
occur at a reaction point or a column or beam framing into a supporting
girder. The NSCP code requires that the compressive stress at the web
toe of the fillet, resulting from concentrated loads or end reactions not
supported by bearing stiffeners, shall not exceed 0.66y; otherwise
bearing stiffeners shall be provided
For interior loads applied at a distance x greater
than d from the end of the member
R
0.66 Fy
t w (N 5k)
For end reactions
R
0.66 Fy
t w (N 2.5k)

R
x
k
N+2.5k

N + 5k

Toe of
fillet

R
N

R = concentrated load or reaction, N

tw = thickness of web, mm
N = length of bearing (not less than k for end reactions), mm
k = distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet, mm

d
k

WEB CRIPPLING
Section 511.2.4 of NSCP specifies that bearing stiffeners shall be
provided in the webs of members under concentrated loads, when
the compressive force exceeds the following limits
When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than d/2 from the
end of the member

F
t
t
N
yw
f
2
w 1.5
R 177.2(t w ) {1 3( )( ) }
d tf
tw

When the concentrated load is applied at a distance less

than d/2 from the end of the member

N t w 1.5 Fywt f
R 89.3(t w ) {1 3( )( ) }
d tf
tw
2

R = concentrated load or reaction, N

tw = thickness of web, mm
N = length of bearing (not less than k for end reactions), mm
tf = flange thickness (mm)
Fyw = yield stress of the web (MPa)
d = depth of the member (mm)

Example
The beam shown is made up of W840 x 193 (Fy = 248 MPa) and is 8m
long.The bearing length at the support is100mm and at the
Concentrated load is 120mm. A load P acting in the plane of the web is acting
at the midspan.tw = 14.7mm,tf= 21.7 mm , d = 840.5 and k = 42.2 mm.
Neglecting the weight of the beam determine the following:
a) maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web yielding
b )maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web crippling
c) maximum value of P the member could carry
P

W
8m

W840 x 193

a)
Concentrated Load
R
0.66 Fy
t w (N 5k)
P
0.66(248)
14.7[120 5(42.2)]
P 796417.78 N
Re action
R
0.66 Fy
t w ( N 2.5k )
P
0.66(248)
2(14.7)[100 2.5(42.2)]
P 988905.46 N
Use
P 796417.78 N

b)

Fywt f
N t w 1 .5
R 177.2(t w ) {1 3( )( ) }
d tf
tw
2

120 14.7 1.5 248( 21.7)

P 177.2(14.7) [1 3(
)(
) ]
840.5 21.7
14.7
P 907611.26 N
2

c) P =796417.78N

BEAM
BEARING
PLATE
When the ends of beams are supported by direct bearing on concrete or
other masonry construction it is frequently necessary to distribute the
beam reactions over the masonry by means of beam bearing plates. The
reaction is assumed to be spread uniformly through the bearing plate to
the masonry and the masonry is assumed to push up against the plate with
a uniform pressure equal to fp.
MASONRY BEARING
In the absence of Code regulations the following stresses apply:
On sandstone and limestone.

Fp = 2.76 MPa

On brick in cement..

Fp = 1.72 MPa

On the full area of a concrete support..

Fp = 0.35fc

On less than the full area of a concrete support

A2
Fp 0.35 fc'
0.7 Fc '
A1

Where fc = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa

A1 = bearing area, mm2
A2 = full cross-sectional area of concrete support, mm2
Bearing Plate Dimension

R
Fp
BN
Where :
Fp = allowable bearing stress at the support (MPa)
R = support reaction (N)
B = width of the bearing plate
N = length of the bearing plate which must be
checked for web crippling and web yeilding

Bearing Plate thickness

t 2n

fp
Fy

Where :
fp = actual bearing stress
Fy = yield stress of the bearing plate
n = B/2 k
k same as in web yielding

Critical section
for bending of the
plate

fp

Allowable bending stress in the plate

Fb = 0.75Fy

n
B

Example
As shown in the figure, a W section is to be supported at the end by
a masonry wall which has an allowable bearing strength of 1.72
MPa. If Fy = 248 MPa , bf = 190.88 mm,k = 37.5 mm , tw = 12.38
mm, d=456 mm, determine the following:
a)

The required dimension of the bearing plate if the ratio of the length
of bearing: plate to its width is approximately 2/3.

b)

The required thickness of the bearing plate

W = 35 kN/m (including beam Wt)

9m
R

solution

wL 35(9)

157.5kN
2
2
2
B N
3
Check for web yielding
R
A
R
0.66( Fy )
FP
R

BN

R
FP

2
R
NN
3
FP

t w ( N 2.5k )

R
0.66(248)
12.38[370 2.5(37.5)]
R 939723 N 939.72kN 157.5kN o.k

2 2 157.5(1000)
N
3
1.72
N 370mm
2
B (370) 246.67 say 250 mm
3
try 250 mm x 370 mm bearing plate

Actual Bearing stress

R
fp
BN
157.5(1000)
fp
1.7 MPa
250(370)
B
n k
2
250
n
37.5 87.5mm
2
t 2n

fp
Fy

1.7
t 2(87.5)
14.49 mm say 16 mm
248
Use 250 mm x 370 mm x 16 mm plate

AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

A column is a compression member the length of which is several times
greater than its least dimension.
Columns can be classified as short or long depending on the value of its
slenderness ratio. When the slenderness ratio is less than a certain
limiting value, the column is considered short and it fails by crushing;
otherwise, it is a long column and fails by stresses that result from
bending or buckling.
The limiting slenderness ratio can be determined using the Eulers
formula:
2E
From
(Euler' s Formula)
2
Le

2E
limiting slenderness ratio
yp

The Eulers formula when plotted, gives us the graph as shown.

Proportional limit

Le/r
Limiting slenderness ratio
As indicated in the graph, the Eulers formula is applicable only for kL/r
value not less than the limiting slenderness ratio
when

kL
2E

,
r
yp

2E
2
Le

P 2 Er 2

A
le
r

I
A

2 EI
P 2
le

On the other hand, when kL/r value is less than the limiting
slenderness ratio, the allowable axial stress at the proportional
limit is simply equal to the axial load divided by the crosssectional area of the member

when

kL
2E

r
yp
P

AISC Specifications
Limiting Slenderness Ratio

cc
If

2 2 E
Fy

Le
Cc (Intermediate Column)
r
2

Le

r y
Fa 1
2

2Cc FS

L L
3 e e
5
r r
Where FS

3
3
8Cc
8 Cc
Le
Cc (Long Column)
r
12 2 E
Fa
2
L

23 e
r
For both cases
If

Fa

P
A

BUCKLING FACTORS K

Both ends Fixed

k = 0.5

Both ends hinged

k = 1.00

One end hinged

0ne end fixed

k = 0.7

One end free

0ne end fixed

k = 2.0

Analysis of axially loaded column using AISC Specifications

Given: P, E, Fy,k, Properties of section
Solution
1. Locate the centroid of the section A y ay

2. Compute the least moment of inertia I (I Ad 2 )

I
3. Solve for the least radius of gyration r
A
Le
4. Solve for the slenderness ratio L e kL,
r
2 2 E
5. Solve for C C
Fy

Le
6. If
Cc (Intermediate Column)
r
2

L
e

r y
Fa 1
2

2Cc FS

Le Le
3

5
r r
Where FS

3
3 8Cc
8Cc
Le
Cc (Long Column)
r
12 2 E
Fa
2
Le
23

r
7. Solve for column Capacity
PC AFa P
If

Example
Find the maximum axial load that the W200 x 46 column
can safely carry if its effective length is 6m. Fy = 248
MPa and E = 200 GPa.
Section Properties
A = 5860 mm2
I = 15.3 x 106 mm4
r = 51.1 mm

Le 6000

117 .42
r 51.1
2 2 E
2 2 200000
Cc

Fy
248

Cc 126.17

Le
Cc
r

Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
117
.
42
)
1
(
117
.
42
)
FS r r 3

1.91
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)

Le 2
( ) F
2

248
(
117
.
42
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
73.61MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.91

73.61
P AFa 5860
431.35kN
1000

Problem

A W 310 x 118 section with a length of 8.0 m is used as a column.

Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using AISC
specifications with Fy = 345 MPa when:
a) column ends are fixed
b) one end of the column is fixed; the other free
Properties of W 310 x 118
A = 15000 mm
rx = 136 mm
ry = 77.6 mm

column ends are fixed

k 0.5, L e 0.5(8000) 4000mm
Le 4000

51.55
r
77.6
Cc

2 2 E

Fy

2 2 200000
106.97
345

Le
L
) 1( e ) 3
5
5 3(51.55)
1(51.55) 3
r
r
FS

1.83
3
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(106.97) 8(106.97)
3(

Le 2
) F
2

345
(
51
.
55
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
166.63MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(106.97) 1.83

166.63
P AFa 15000
2499.5kN
1000
(

0ne end fixed, one end free

k 2.0, L e 2.0(8000) 16000mm
Le 16000

206.18
r
77.6
Cc

2 2 E

Fy

2 2 200000
106.97
345

Le
Cc (Long Column)
r
12 2 E
12 2 200000
Fa

24.23MPa
2
2
23(206.18)
Le
23

r
24.23
PC 15000
363.4kN
1000

Problem
A W 530 x 290 section with 180 mm x 20 mm plate placed on the top of

the flange as shown is used as a column with a length of 8.0 m

Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using AISC
specifications with Fy = 345 MPa when: a) column ends are fixed b)
column ends are hinged
Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A = 9484 mm2

Ix = 4.096 x 108 mm4

d = 529 mm

Sx = 1.54 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.65 mm

rx = 134 mm

bf = 166 mm

ry = 77mm

tf = 16.51 mm

Sy = 4.78 x 105 mm3

Iy = 39.67 x 106 mm4

180

20

y
529

Section
180x20
W530 x 290
A y ay

a
3600

ay
36000

529
20 284.5 2,698,198
2
A 13084
ay 2,734,198
9484

13084 y 2,734,198
y 208.97

y
10

180

y
y 208.97

20

198.97
75.53

340.03

529

264.5

I x ( I Ad 2 )
bh 3
Ix (
) Plate Aplate d plate I xW AW dW
12
180(20) 3
Ix
36000(198.97) 2 4.09 x108 9484(75.53) 2
12
I x 1,889 x10 6 mm 4

180

y
y 208.97

20

198.97
75.53

529

340.03
264.5

bh 3
Iy (
) Plate I yW
12
20(180) 3
Iy
39.67 x106
12
I y 47.39 x10 6 mm 3 Use I 47.39x10 6 mm 4
least radius of gyration r

47.39(10) 6
60.18mm
13084

column ends are fixed

k 0.5, L e 0.5(8000) 4000mm
Le 4000

66.47
r
60.18
Cc

2 2 E

Fy

2 2 200000
106.97
345

Le
L
) 1( e ) 3
5
5 3(66.47) 1(66.47) 3
r
r
FS

1.87
3
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(106.97) 8(106.97)
3(

Le 2
) F
2

345
(
66
.
47
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
148.87 MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(106.97) 1.87

148.87
P AFa 13084
1947.82kN
1000
(

column ends are hinged

k 1.0 L e (8000) 8000mm
Le 8000

132.93
r 60.18
2 2 E
2 2 200000
Cc

106.97
Fy
345
12 2 E 12 2 200000
Fa

58.28MPa
2
Le 2 23(132.93)
23( )
r
58.28
P AFa 13084
762.53kN
1000

Plate # 2: Axially Loaded Columns

A W 14 x 120 section with a length of 7.5 m is used as a column.
Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using AISC
specifications with Fy = 248 MPa when:
a) column ends are fixed
b) one end of the column is fixed; the other free
c) both ends are hinged
Properties of W 14 x 120
A = 22774 mm
rx = 158.81 mm
ry = 95.12 mm

II
The W section is reinforced at top and bottom flanges by a 250 mm
wide by 16 mm thick plate is used as a column with with a length of
5.0 m. Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using
AISC specifications with Fy = 345 MPa when:
a) column ends are fixed
b) one end of the column is fixed; the hinged
c) both ends are hinged 200 mm

13.41

t w 8.08mm

250 mm

Axially Loaded Columns with

Unsymmetrical Sections

It is known that a column, when axially loaded, will tend to

buckle about its weakest axis. For columns with unsymmetrical
sections, there is a need to find the least value of radius of
gyration and thus, the concept of Mohrs circle is used.

Problem
A section has the following properties:
A = 22000 mm2,
Ix = 50 x 106 mm4,
Iy = 80 x 106 mm4 and
Pxy = 20 x 106 mm4
Pyx = -20 x 106 mm4
Find the minimum and maximum radius of gyration.

Example
Determine the maximum safe capacity of an axially
loaded hinged ends column having an unsupported
length of 4m. Fy = 248 MPa and E = 200 GPa. Use
AISC Specifications.
100
25

175

25

ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Calculation of Stress
The stress at any point in a member subject to axial and bending stress is
obtained from the formula

P M xC y M yC x
fa

A
Ix
Iy
Sign Convention:

Compression = Positive(+),

Tension = Negative (-)

NSCP SPECIFICATIONS
Members subjected to both axial compression and bending stresses shall
be proportioned to satisfy the following requirements:
1. When

fa
0.15
Fa
f a f bx f by

1.0
Fa Fbx Fby

fa
2. When
0.15
Fa
Stability requirement

Strength requirement

Cmx f by
fa
Cmx f bx

1.0
Fa 1 f a
F

fa
1

Fby
bx
F
'
F
'
ex

ey

fa
f bx f by
(b)

1.0
0.60 Fy Fbx Fby

(a)

Where:
fa =

computed axial stress, MPa

fb =

computed compressive stress at the point

under consideration, MPa

Fa =

axial compressive stress that would be permitted if axial force

alone existed, MPa

Fb =

allowable bending stress

F 'e

12 2 E
k L
23 b b
rb

MPa

Subscript b indicates corresponding values about the axis of bending


1)

Cm Values
For compression members in frames subject to joint translation (sidesway)
Cm = 0.85

2) For restrained compression members in frames braced against joint translation

and not subject to transverse loading between their supports in the plane of
bending

M1
Cm 0.60 0.40
0.40
M2

Where M1/M2 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the

ends of that portion of the member unbraced in the plane of
bending under consideration. M1/M2 is positive when the member is
bent in reverse curvature, negative when bent in single curvature

3)

For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane
of loading and subjected to transverse loading between their supports, the value
of Cm may be determined by rational analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis,
the following values may be used:
a) For members whose ends are restrained
Cm = 0.85
b) For members whose ends are unrestrained
Cm = 1.0

Example
A W250 x 167 section is used as a column of hinged ends with a length of
6m. To what extent along the plane of the web could an eccentric load of
200 kN be placed. Fy = 248 MPa and E = 200 GPa. Use the formula for
combined stress.
W250 x 167 properties:
A = 21300 mm2
Sx = 2080 x 103 mm3
rx = 119 mm
Sy = 746 x 103 mm3
ry = 68.10 mm

ACTUAL AXIAL STRESS

P 200(1000)
fa
9.39 MPa
A
21300
Le kL 1.0(6000) 6000
Le 6000

88.11
r
68.10
Cc

2 2 E

Fy

2 2 200000
126.17
248

Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
88
.
11
)
1
(
88
.
11
)
FS r r 3

1.88
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)

Fa

Le 2
( ) F
2

248
(
88
.
11
)
y
r
1
1
99.75MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.88

Fb 0.6 Fy 0.6( 248) 148.8MPa

M Pe 200000e e in mm, M is in N.mm
M
200000e
fb

S x 2080(10) 3
fa
9.39

0.09 0.15
Fa 99.75
fa
fb

1.0
Fa Fb
9.39
200000e

1.0
3
99.75 2080(10) (148)
e 1394.31mm

Problem
A steel column 3.6 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
Carry an axial load of 1000 kN. The column is subject to end moments
(reverse curvature with M1 = 90%M2). The allowable axial stress is
115 MPa and the allowable bending stress is 149 MPa. Fy =248 MPa
The properties of the section are:
A=13000 mm2, Sx=120,000 mm3, rx = 94mm
Determine the following
a) The computed actual axial stress
b) The computed bending stress
c) moment capacity of the column

a) actual axial stress

P 1000(1000)
fa
76.92 MPa
A
13000
fa
76.92

0.669 0.15
Fa
115

stability requirement
M1
Cm 0.60 0.40
M2
0.9 M 2
Cm 0.6 0.4
0.24 0.4 Use C m 0.40
M2
F 'e

12 2 E
2

12 2 (200000)

702.16 MPa
1[3600] 2
23(
)
94

23 kL
rx

fa
Cm f b

1.0
Fa 1 f a
F

b
F
'
e

0.4 f b
76.92

1
76.92
115

1
149
702.16

f b 109.83MPa

strength requirement
fa
fb

1 .0
0.6 Fy Fb
fb
76.72

1
0.6(248) 149
f b 71.98MPa use f b 71.98MPa
c) Moment Capacity
120000
M f b Sx 71.98
8.64kN.m
6
(10)

Problem
A steel column 6 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
carry an axial compressive load of 880 kN and a moment of 330 kN.m.
about its strong axis. The column is subjected to sidesway. Fy= 248 MPa
Analyze the adequacy of the column.
The properties of the section are:
A=22774 mm2, Sx=3,123,399 mm3, rx = 158.81mm
Sy=1,105,931 mm3, ry = 95.12mm
Ix = 574.4 x106 mm4, Iy = 206.035 x 106 mm4, Wt= 179.14 kg/m
bf=376.6 mm, tf= 23.9 mm, tw=15 mm, d = 367.8 mm, rt = 102.62 mm

actual axial stress

P 880(1000)
fa
38.64 MPa
A
22774
Le kL 1.0(6000) 6000
Le 6000

63.08
r
95.12
Cc

2 2 E

Fy

2 2 200000
126.17
248

Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
63
.
08
)
1
(
63
.
08
)
FS r r 3

1.84
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)

Fa

Le 2
( ) F
2

248
(
63
.
08
)
y
r
1
1
117 .94 MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.84

f a 38.64

0.33 0.15
Fa 117 .94

Cm 0.85
F 'e

12 2 E
23 kL
rx

12 2 (200000)

721.5 MPa
1[6000] 2
23(
)
158.81

M
330(10) 6
fb

105.65MPa
S x 3,123,399
LC

Lu

200b f
Fy

200(376.6)
4782mm
248

138000 A f
dFy

138000(376.6)(23.9)

13617 mm
367.8(248)

Fb 0.6 Fy 0.6(248) 148.8MPa

fa
Cm f b

1.0
Fa 1 f a
F

b
F
'
e

38.64
0.85(105.65)

0.96 adequate as to stability requirement

38.64
117 .94
1

148.8
721.5

fa
f
b 1.0
0.6Fy Fb
38.64
105.65

0.97 adequate as to strength requirement

0.6(248) 148.8

Problem
A steel column 5.0 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
carry an eccentric load of 250 kN acting 250 mm and 150 mm
from the x and y axis as shown in the figure. The column is subject to
joint translation. The allowable bending stress about the x axis and y axis
is 0.6Fy. Analyze the adequacy of the column to support the given load and
moments. Neglect the weight of the column.

150 mm

P = 250 kN
250 mm

15.39

t w 9.91mm

300 mm

300 mm

150 mm

P = 250 kN
250 mm

15.39

t w 9.91mm

300 mm

300 mm

A 2(300)15.39 9.91(300 - 215.39 ) 11,901 mm 2

300(300) 3 (300 9.91)
300 2(15.39) 3 203.39 x106 mm 4
Ix

12
12
(15.39)(300) 3 300 2(15.39) (9.91) 3
Iy 2

69.28 x10 6 mm 4
12
12

rx

Ix

203.29(10) 6
130.7 mm
11901

Iy

69.28(10) 6
ry

76.3mm
A
11901
P 250(1000)
fa
21 MPa
A
11901

Le kL 1.0(5000) 5000
Le 5000

65.53
r
76.3
Cc

2 2 E

Fy

2 2 200000
126.17
248

Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
65
.
53
)
1
(
65
.
53
)
FS r r 3

1.84
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)

Le 2
( ) F
2

248
(
65
.
53
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
116 .6 MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.84

fa
21

0.18 0.15
Fa 116 .6
Cmx Cm y 0.85
Fbx Fby 0.6 Fy 0.6(248) 148.8MPa
F 'ex

12 2 E
23 kL
rx

12 2 (200000)
1(5000)
23

130.7

703.7 MPa

F 'ey

12 2 E

kL
23

r
y

ex 250mm

12 2 (200000)

1(5000)
23

76.3
e y 150mm

239.83 MPa

250(250)
M x Pex
62.5kN .m
1000
250(150)
M y Pe y
37.5kN .m
1000
c x c y 150mm
M x c x 62.5(10) 6 (150)
f bx

46.12MPa
6
Ix
203.29(10)
f by

M ycy
Iy

37.5(10) 6 (150)

81.19MPa
6
69.28(10)

stability requirement
Cmx f by
fa
Cmx f bx

1.0
Fa 1 f a
F

fa

bx 1 F ' Fby
F
'
ex

ey

21
0.85(46.12)
0.85(81.19)

0.96 o.k for stability

21
21
116.6

1
148.8 1
148.8
703.71
239.82

strength requirement
fa
f bx f by

1 .0
0.60 Fy Fbx Fby
21
46.12 81.19

1.0 ok for strength

0.6(248) 148.8 148.8
section is adequate to support given load and moments

Plate # 3

Eccentrically loaded column

A steel column 4.5 m long and hinged at both ends is used to

carry an eccentric load of 200 kN acting 200 mm and 100 mm
from the x and y axis as shown in the figure. The column is subject to
joint translation. The allowable bending stress about the x axis and y axis
is 0.6Fy. Analyze the adequacy of the column to support the given load and
moments. Neglect the weight of the column.
100 mm

P = 200 kN

200 mm

200 mm

13.41

t w 8.08mm

N.A
13.41

250 mm

TENSION MEMBERS

Whenever a member is subjected to a tensile force and assuming tension governs,

the member will fail at the critical section. This critical section is the path across the
section that produces the minimum area.
ALLOWABLE STRESS (NSCP sec 4.5.1.1)
Except for pin-connected members
Ft = 0.60Fy on gross area
Ft = 0.50Fu on effective net area
For pin-connected members
Ft = 0.45Fy on the net area
The net area is equal to the gross area of a member section less the area
of holes along the same section.
The net area should not be greater than 85 percent of the gross area.
The hole diameter is taken as the rivet or bolt diameter plus 3mm.

EFFECTIVE NET AREA (NSCP Sec. 4.14.2.2)

The effective net area, Ae, of axially loaded tension members, where the
load is transmitted by bolts or rivets through some but not all of the crosssectional elements of the members, shall be computed from the formula

Ae = CtAn
where

An = net area of the member

Ct = a reduction coefficient

The following values of Ct shall be used in computations:

1. Equal or unequal leg angles connected by one leg to a plate
Ct = 0.90
2.

W, M, or S shapes with flange widths not less than 2/3 the depth, and
structural tees cut from the shapes, provided the connection is to the
flanges and has no fewer than 3 fasteners per line in the direction of stress
Ct = 0.90

3.

W, M, or S shapes not meeting the conditions of subparagraph 2, structural

tees cut from these shapes, and all other shapes including built up cross
sections provided the connection has not less than 3 fasteners per line in
the direction of stress.
Ct = 0.85

4. All members whose connections have only 2 fasteners per line in the
direction of stress
Ct = 0.75

MAXIMUM STRESS RATIO (NSCP Sec. 4.8.4)

The slenderness ratio, L/r, of tension members, other than rods, preferably
should not exceed
a) For main members.. 240
b) For lateral bracing members and other
secondary members.300

Example
Determine the safe load that could be carried by the main tension member
shown. Its cross section has 2 rivet holes in each flange. Also determine the
permissible unsupported length of the member. Rivet diameter is 22 mm. Fy
= 248 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa. Ct = 0.85
300 mm
25 mm

20 mm
350 mm
25 mm

A g 2(300)25 300(20) 21000mm 2

Net Area
A n 21000 4(22 3) 20900mm 2
85% of gross area 0.85(21000) 17850mm 2
Use A n 17850mm 2
Effective net area
A e Ct An 0.85(17850) 15172.5mm 2
Tensile Capacity
0.6(248)21000
a) P Ft Ag 0.6 Fy Ag
3124.8kN
1000
0.5(400)15172.5
b) P Ft Ae 0.5 Fu Ae
3034.5kN
1000
Use P 3034.5 kN
300(350) 3 280(300) 3
I

441.874 x10 6 mm 4
12
12

I
441.875(10) 6
r

145.06
A
21000
Maximum Permissible unsupported length
L
240
r
L 240r
240(145.06)
L
34.81m
1000

MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL TENSION

AND BENDING
NSCP Specifications
Members subjected to both axial tension and bending shall satisfy
the formula

fa
f bx f by

1.0
0.60Fy Fbx Fby
Where fb is the computed bending tensile stress.
The computed bending compressive stress, however, shall not exceed the
applicable values for beams subject to pure bending only.

BEAMS SUBJECT TO UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING

When a beam is subjected to a normal load causing bending on the
x axis and a tangential load causing bending along the y axis, it is
said that the member is subject to unsymmetrical bending.

FN

Mx

My

FN

FT

FT

Mx

My

The following expression can be written for the stress at

any point on the beam subject to unsymmetrical bending
1.

Bending stress
a) Loads passes through the centroid of cross section

FN
M xC x M yC y
fb

Ix
Iy
Mx My
fb

Sx
Sy
M x moment caused by loads acting perpendicular to the x axis

Mx

M y moment caused by loads acting perpendicular to the y axis

centroid

My

FT

b) Loads passes through the top of the flange

M xC x M yC y
fb

Ix
2I y
Mx My
fb

S x 2S y

P
Mx
centroid

2. Shearing stress

My

V x Qx V y Q y
fb

Ixb
I yb
Vx shear caused by loads acting perpendicular to the x axis
Vy shear caused by loads acting perpendicular to the y axis

3. Deflections
Total deflection

( x ) 2 ( y ) 2
x delection in the x - direction caused by loads acting
perpendicular to the y axis
y deflection in the y - direction caused by loads acting
perpendicular to the x axis

4. Adequacy of beams subject to unsymmetrical bending

a ) bending
M xC x M y C y
1. f b

Fb
Ix
Iy
or
f bx f by
2.

1.0
Fbx Fby

Fb allowable bending stress

or
For compact laterally supported shapes
f by
f bx
3.

1 .0
0.66Fy 0.75 Fy
b) Shear
V x Qx V y Q y
fb

Fv
Ixb
I yb

Fv allowable shearing stress

c) deflection

( x ) 2 ( y ) 2 allow
allow Allowable deflection

Problem
A w 14 x 74 section has a span of 6m. It carries a normal
Concentrated of 105 kN at its midspan and a lateral load of 24 kN
At its midspan which all passes through the centroid of the cross
section. Assume that the beam is fully laterally supported and
Compact. Fy = 248 MPa. Allowable deflection is 1/300 of span.
Analyze the adequacy of the section for bending and deflection.
Neglect the weight of the beam.

Properties of section
Area 14064 mm 2

Sx 1836 x103 mm 3

depth 359.7 mm

Sy 434.4 x10 mm

Flange width 255.9 mm

E 200,000 MPa

105 kN

Mx

Px L 105(6)
Mx

157.5kN .m
4
4
M x 157.5(10) 6
f bx

85.78MPa
3
S x 1836(10)

24 kN

Py L

24(6)
My

36kN .m
4
4
My
36(10) 6
f by

82.87 MPa
3
S y 434.4(10)

My

a) adequacy in bending
f by
f bx

1.0
0.66Fy 0.75 Fy
85.78
82.87

0.97 1.0 adequate in bending

0.66( 248) 0.75(248)

a) adequacy in deflection
x - direction

Py L3
48 EI y

bf
3 255.9
Iy S y
434.4(10)
55.58 x(10) 6 mm 4
2
2

24(1000)(6000) 3
x
9.72mm
6
48(200000)55.58(10)
y - direction
Px L3
y
48 EI x

d
3 359.7
I x S x 1836(10)
330.2 x(10) 6 mm 4
2
2

105(1000)(6000) 3
L
6000
y
7.15mm allow

20mm
6
48(200000)330.2(10)
300
300

( x ) 2 ( y ) 2 allow
(9.72) 2 (7.15) 2 12.07 mm 20mm adequate for deflection

Problem:
Solve the previous problem if the lateral load of 24 kN, passes
through the top of the flange.
Py L

105 kN
24 kN

24(6)
My

36kN .m
4
4
My
36(10) 6
f by

41.44 MPa
3
2S y (2)434.4(10)

a) adequacy in bending
f by
f bx

1 .0
0.66Fy 0.75 Fy
85.78
41.44

0.75 1.0
0.66( 248) 0.75( 248)
adequate in bending

Design of Purlins
Purlins is a typical example of a beam subject to unsymmetrical bending.They
are assumed to be simple beams with span equal to the distance
between trusses. Loadings consist of the wind load acting normal to
the purlins, weight of roofing and the purlins itself all assumed to pass through
the centroid of the purlins.

WL

WR
+
P

Mx

slope of the roof truss

Loads producing Mx and Vx
F N WN (WP WR )Cos
Loads producing My and Vy
FT (WP WR ) Sin

My

Determination of purlins size

Approximate section modulus
Mx
Sx
0.66 Fy

Sy

My
0.75 Fy

allowable bending stress along the stronger axis

bf
170
d 1680
Fbx 0.66 Fy Assuming section is compact satisfied by

and

2t f
tw
Fy
Fy
Allowable bending stress along the weaker axis
Fby 0.75 Fy Note : bending along the stronger axis governs the selection of size

Sag Rods

Sag rods usually compose of reinforcing steel bars act as lateral

Support for the purlins and keep the purlins in proper alignment during
the erection until the roofing is installed. Sag rods reduces the moment
along the minor axis and are computed as follows

a) sag rods are at midspan of the purlins ( one sag rod between trusses)
2

My

Wy L

32
Sag rods at the third points of the purlins(two sag rods between trusses)
2

My

Wy L
90

Problem
Select a W section to serve as purlins between roof trusses
Spaced at 7.2 m on centers. Assume all loads passes through the
Centroid of the purlins. Spacing of purlins is 1.4 m on centers. Assume
That the purlins are fully laterally supported and subject to the following
Loads
Roofing and purlins & truss weight = 1440 Pa of roof surface
Rain = 300 Pa of horizontal roof surface
Wind = 720 Pa perpendicular to roof surface
Slope of the roof truss is 1 vertical to 2 horizontal . Sag rods are
Provided at the midpoints of the truss. Fy=248 MPa

Select from any W section listed in the table below

Section

depth(mm)

Flange
thickness
width
thickness of web Sx (mm)3

(mm)

W 150x8.5
W 150x12
W 100x13

(mm)

(mm)

148.08 100.08 4.93

152.4
101.6
7.08
105.7 Rain
103.1
Loading 8.77

Solution
Slope of the roof truss
1
tan
26.6 0
2
S 1.4

Sy (mm)3

5.12
6.4
4.85

83246
128806
89309

16551
24417
30316

WR 300 H 300(1.25) 375 N / m acting vertically

Weight of roofing, truss and purlins
WP 1440 S 1440(1.4) 2016 N / m acting vertically

Wind Load
H 1.4Cos 26.60 1.25 WL 720(1.4) 1008 N/m acting perpendicular to the purlins

8
100

+
375

6=
1
0
2

1N
9
3
2

/m

Wx

Wy

Mx

26.6

My
Wx 1008 2391Cos 26.60 3146 N/m
Wy 2391Sin 26.60 1071 N/m

Mx

26.60

My
Wx L2 3146(7.2) 2
Mx

20386 N.m
8
8
W y L2 1071(7.2) 2
My

1735 N.m
32
32

Mx
20386(10) 3
Sx

124.55x103 mm 3
0.66 Fy
0.66(248)
My

1735(10) 3
Sy

9.33x103 mm 3
0.75 Fy 0.75(248)
try w 150 x12 Sx 128.8 x103 mm 3 Sy 24.42 x103 mm 3
check if section is compact
bf
101.6

7.18
2t f 2(7.08)

170
170
bf
170

10.8

2t f
Fy
248
Fy

d 152.4

23.81
tw
6.4

1680 1680
d 1680

106.68

tw
Fy
248
Fy

section is compact

Check for adequacy in bending

actual bending stress x axis
M x 20386(10) 3
f bx

158.28 MPa
3
Sx
128.8(10)
actual bending stress y axis
f by

My
Sy

1735(10) 3

71.05
3
24.42(10)

f by
f bx

1.0
0.66 Fy 0.75 Fy
158.28
71.05

1.35 1.0 redesign

0.66(248) 0.75(248)
128.8(10)3
3

7
.
86
in
(25.4) 3
24.42(10) 3
3

1
.
68
in
(25.4)3

try W 6 x 16
Properties
b f 102.36 mm

t f 10.29mm

t w 6.6mm

d 159.5 mm

Sx 167.15 x103 mm 3 S y 36.05 x103 mm 3 I x 22.23 x10 6 mm 4

I y 7.12x10 6 mm 4
check if section is compact
bf
102.36

4.97
2t f 2(10.29)
d 159.5

24.17
tw
6.6

170
170
b
170

10.8 f
2t f
Fy
248
Fy
1680 1680
d 1680

106.68

tw
Fy
248
Fy

section is compact

Check for adequacy in bending

actual bending stress x axis
M x 20386(10) 3
f bx

121.96 MPa
3
S x 167.15(10)
actual bending stress y axis
f by

My
Sy

1735(10) 3

48.13 MPa
3
36.05(10)

f by
f bx

1.0
0.66 Fy 0.75Fy
121.96
48.13

1.0 ok
0.66(248) 0.75(248)

Check for deflection

1071
4
5(
)(
7200
)
5Wy L
1000
x

26.32mm
6
384EI y (384)200000(7.12)(10)
4

5Wx L4
5(3146)(7200) 4
y

24.76mm
6
384 EI x 384(200000)22.23(10)
L
7200

24 mm Redesign
300 300

try W 8x31
Properties
b f 203 mm

t f 11.05mm

t w 7.24mm

d 200 mm

Sx 450.64 x103 mm 3 S y 151.91x103 mm 3 I x 45.78 x10 6 mm 4

I y 15.44x10 6 mm 4

Check for deflection

1071
4
5(
)(
7200
)
5Wy L
1000
x

12.14mm
6
384EI y (384)200000(15.44)(10)
4

5Wx L4
5(3146)(7200) 4
y

12.02mm
6
384 EI x 384(200000)45.78(10)

( x ) 2 ( y ) 2 (12.14) 2 (12.02) 2 17.08mm 24mm safe for deflection

check if section is compact
bf
203

9.19
2t f 2(11.05)
d 200

27.62
t w 7.24

170
170
bf
170

10.8

2t f
Fy
248
Fy
1680 1680
d 1680

106.68

tw
Fy
248
Fy

section is compact
Use W 8x31

Design of Beams
Given : Loads and span, Fy , Ws , E , Allowable deflection
Required : Beam section that would satisfy bending, shear and deflection requirements
General Procedure
1. Solve for designing moment M by any method available.
M
2. Assume allowable bending stress Fb and solve for trial section S
Fb
3. Using tables of properties of structural shapes select section with
the nearest value of S
4. Compute the adjusted design moment by adding the weight of the beam.
5. Veryfy if the section is compact, semi compact
or non compact. Solve for actual allowable bending stress Fb
6. Verify if the section is laterally or not. Solve for Fb
7. Using the lower value of Fb obtained from 5 and 6,
solve for the moment capacity. M c FbS M
8. Check for shear and deflection if necessary.

Problem
Design a simply supported steel beam 4.8 m long to support a uniformly
distributed load of 62 kN/m. Fy 248 MPa, Ws 77 kN/m 3 , allowable
deflection is 1/300 of span.
WL2 62(4.8) 2
Design Moment M

178.56kN .m
8
8
Re quired Section Modulus
Assumed allowable bending stress of steel Fb 0.6 Fy
M 178.56(10) 6
S

1200 x103 mm 3
Fb
0.6(248)
S 73.22 in 3
try w 14 x 53
Properties
Area 15.6 sq. in 10064 mm 2 Flange width b f 8.06 in 204 mm
Flange thickness t f 0.66in 16.76mm web thickness t w 0.37 in 9.4mm
S x 77 in 3 1261x103 mm 3 weight wt
depth 13.92in 354mm

77(10064)
0.8kN / m
2
(1000)

(W Wt)L2 (62 0.8)(4.8) 2

Adjusted Moment M

180.86kN .m
8
8
Re quired Section Modulus
M 180.86(10) 6
S

1215.46 x103 mm 3 1261x103 mm 3

Fb
0.6(248)
Check for compactness
bf
204

6.09
2t f 2(16.76)
170
170

10.8
Fy
248

bf
170

2t f
Fy

d 354

37.66
t w 9 .4
1680 1680

106.68
Fy
248

d 1680

Section is compact
tw
Fy

Fb 0.66 Fy

Check for Lateral Support

Lc
Lu

200b f
Fy

L 4.8 m

200( 204)
2590.8mm L
248

138000 A f
dFy

138000(204)(16.76)

5374mm L Fb 0.6 Fy
354( 248)

Use Fb 0.6 Fy
Check for deflection
d
354
1261x103 (
) 223.2 x106 mm 4
2
2
5WL4
5(62.8)(4800) 4

9.72mm
6
384 EI x 384(200000)223.2(10)
I x Sx

Allowable deflection allow

Use W 14 x 53

L
4800

16mm 9.72mm
300 300

Design of axially loaded columns

Given : axial load(P) and column unsupported height(L), Fy , k , E
Required : column section that could support the given load
General Procedure
1. Solve for the trial area of section

P
A
Note : the bigger is the
0.4 Fy 0.6 Fy

value of L, the lower is the coeffecient of Fy

2. Using the table of properties of structural shapes, select the section with an area
nearest to the area computed in 1
Le
3. Solve for, L e kL,
and C c . Select the appropiate column stress formula to
r
determine the allowable axial stress Fa , Fa 0.4 F y 0.6 Fy
4. Compute the axial load capacity of the column : Pc AFa P

Problem
Design an axially loaded column to support an axial load of 750 kN including its own weight.
Fy 248 MPa, k 1.0
Consider that the column unsupported height is
a) 5 m
b) 8 m
Solution :
a) L 5 m

P
750(1000)
A

5040mm 2 7.81in 2
0.6Fy
0.6(248)

try w 8 x 31
A 5883.86 mm 2 r 51.05 mm
L e 1(5000)

97.94mm
r
51.05
2 2 E
2 2 200000
CC

126.17
Fy
248

Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
97
.
92
)
1
(
97
.
94
)
FS r r 3

1.9
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)

Le 2
( ) F
2

248
(
97
.
92
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
91.92 MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.9

P AFa 5883.86(91.92) 540853 N 540.85kN 750kN redesign

try W 8 x 48 A 9096.8mm 2 r 52.83 mm

Le 1(5000)

94.64 MPa
r
52.83
Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
94
.
64
)
1
(
94
.
64
)
FS r r 3

1.89
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)

Le 2
( ) F
2

248
(
94
.
64
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
94.3MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.89

P AFa 9096.8(94.3) 857828 N 857.28kN 750kN

Use W 8 x 48
b) L 8 m

P
750(1000)
A

10080mm 2 15.63in 2
0.3Fy
0.3(248)

try w 10 x 72
A 13677 mm 2 r 65.79 mm
L e 1(8000)

121.6
r
65.79
2 2 E
2 2 200000
CC

126.17
Fy
248

Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
121
.
6
)
1
(
121
.
6
)
FS r r 3

1.92
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)

Le 2
( ) F
2

248
(
121
.
6
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
69.91MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.92

P AFa 13677(69.91) 956159 N 956.15kN 750kN

Use W 10 x 72

MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL TENSION

AND BENDING
NSCP Specifications
Members subjected to both axial tension and bending shall satisfy
the formula

fa
f bx f by

1.0
0.60Fy Fbx Fby
Where fb is the computed bending tensile stress.
The computed bending compressive stress, however, shall not exceed the
applicable values for beams subject to pure bending only.

Example
A W14 x 32 section is used as a beam 6 m long. It is subjected to an
axial tensile load P and a uniformly distributed lateral load of 10 kN/m
(excluding beam weight). Find P. Fy = 248 MPa.
W14 x 32 Properties
A = 25032 mm2
Wt = 196.90 kg/m
d = 372.4 mm
tw = 16.4 mm
bf = 374 mm
tf = 26.2 mm
Sx = 3420.2 x 103 mm3
rx = 159.50 mm
ry = 95.46 mm

9.81
Wt 196.9(
) 1.93kN / m
1000
Total Uniform load w 10 1.93 11.93kN/m
actual axial tensile stress
P
P
fa

A 25032
2
2
wL
11.93(6)
M

53.69kN .m
8
8
actual bending stress
M
53.69(10) 6
fb

15.7 MPa
3
Sx
3420(10)

Check for compactness

bf
374

7.14
2t f 2( 26.2)
170
170

10.8
Fy
248

bf
170

2t f
Fy

d 372.4

22.71
t w 16.4
1680 1680

106.68
Fy
248
Check for Lateral Support
Lc
Lu

200b f
Fy

d 1680

Section is compact
tw
Fy

Fb 0.66 Fy

L 6.0 m

200(374)

4749.8mm L
248

138000 A f
dFy

Use Fb 0.6 Fy

138000(374)(26.2)
14641.67 mm L Fb 0.6 Fy
372.4(248)

fa
f bx fby

1.0
0.60Fy Fbx Fby

fa
fb
1.0
0.6 Fy Fb
P
25032 15.7 1.0
0.6(248) 0.6(248)
P = 3331.76 kN

BOLTED AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS

BOLTED CONNECTIONS
The computations involved in bolted connections are based on certain
assumptions. These are:
1)

The friction between the joined plates is ignored.

2)

The stress transferred from one plate to another is equally distributed to

all bolts in the joint.

3)

The tensile stress in the net sections of the plates is uniform for each
unit area of cross section.

4)

The bending stresses in the bolts are ignored.

A bolted connection will fail in one of several ways.

a)

By shearing of the bolts

b)

By crushing of the belt or the metal on which it bears

c)

By tension in the net sections of the connected members

d)

By tearing at the edge.

ALLOWABLE STRESSES

Allowable Stresses:
Ft = 0.60 Fy on gross area
Ft = 0.50 Fu on effective net area
Efficiency of a joint:

strength of joint
Efficiency
x100
strength of solid plate

Example
Determine the allowable tensile force P which can be appllied to the plates
shown. The AISC specifications A36 steel and 20 mm diameter A325 bolts
placed in standard holes with threads excluded from the shear plane are
used in a bearing in a bearing type connection. Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400
MPa, Fv = 206.9 MPa and Fp = 1.5 Fu.

P
10mm

200 mm

10mm

a) shear in the rivets

Fv 206.9 MPa
Total shear Area(single shear)
(20) 2
A 4
1256.6mm 2
4
1256.6(206.9)
P AFv
260kN
1000
b) bearing of plates against the rivets
Fp 1.5Fu 1.5(400) 600 MPa
Total bearing Area A b projected area of the rivet holes
A b 4(diameter of rivet) thickness of plate
A b 4(20)(10) 800mm 2
P Ab Fp

800(600)
480kN
1000

c) tension in the net section

Ft 0.5Fu 0.5(400) 200MPa
Net area A n [ 200 - 2(20)]10 1600mm 2
A n 0.85 Ag 0.85(200)10 1700mm 2
Use A n 1600mm 2
1600(200)
P An Ft
320kN
1000
d) tension in the gross section
Ft 0.6 Fy 0.6(248) 148.8MPa
Gross area A g [ 200]10 2000mm 2
2000(148.8)
297.6kN
1000
Use P 260 kN
P Ag Ft

STAGGERED BOLTED AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS

g

For tension members with staggered holes, the least net width of the
section is obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the
diameters for all the holes located along the chosen path, and adding, for
each gage space in the path, the quantity

S2/4g
S

g =

(Cochranes formula)

longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two

consecutive holes, mm
transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) of the same
two holes, mm

From the figure above:

Net width Wn = W 2dhole + S2/4g

Example

What is the value of S if the joint is 80% efficient? See figure.

Tension of Plates = 76 MPa

50mm

Hole diameter (effective) = 23 mm

50mm

P
Efficiency

strength of joint
x100
strength of solid plate

Wn tFt
0.8
250tFt
Wn 200 mm

50mm

75mm
75mm

50mm

50mm

50mm

75mm
75mm

path a - b - c

s
2

(50)
s
Wn 250 - 3(23)

4(50) 4(75)
2

(50)
s
200 181

4(50) 4(75)
s 44.16mm

CONNECTIONS SUBJECT TO ECCENTRIC LOAD

A load to be resisted by a bolt group that is eccentric with respect to the
centroid of the group pattern can be replaced with a force that has a line
of action through the pattern centroid, and a moment with the magnitude T
= Pe, where e is the eccentricity of the load.
The force carried by a bolt due to the equivalent centroidal load is
obtained from the formula
Pd = P/n
(direct resistance)
Where P is the eccentric load, and n, the number of bolts.
To solve for the resistance of a bolt due to the equivalent moment,
we use
Pt = T / j
The total resistance is the vector sum of direct and indirect resistances of
each rivet.

P
e

M = Pe

Components of Direct Force

P
Pd
n
Components of the torsional force
My
Mx
Ptx
Pty
2
2
2
2
x

y
x

x, y horizontal and vertical distance of

center of rivet from centroid of rivet group

2
x
sum of squares of horizontal distance of

of rivet from centroid of rivet group

2
y
sum of squares of vertical distance of rivet

of rivets from centroid of rivet group

Pdx Ptx
Pdy Pty

FORCE CARRIED BY RIVET/BOLT

( Pdx Ptx ) 2 ( Pdy Pty ) 2

Where:
Pdx = x component of the direct force
Pdy = y component of the direct force
Ptx = x component of the torsional force
Pty = x component of the torsional force

The bracket shown in the figure is supported by four 22 mm diameter

rivets in single shear. The bracket is subject to an eccentric load of 150 kN.
Determine the load on the most stressed rivet.

solution
P=150 kN components of direct force

150,000
37,500 N
4
x 2 4(100)2 40,000

e = 250 mm

Pdx 0

Pdy

2
2
y

4
(
100
)
40,000

M Pe 150,000(250) 37.5 x106 N .mm x y 100

Most stressed Rivet

My
37.5(10) 6100
Ptx

46875 N
2
2
x y 40000 40000
4-22 mm

200 mm

200 mm

Mx
37.5(10) 6100
Pty

46875 N
2
2
x y 40000 40000

( Pdx Ptx ) 2 ( Pdy Pty ) 2

(0 46875) 2 (37500 46875) 2

R 96521.53 N

AXIALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTION

Welding the process of joining metals by heating and allowing the parts to
flow together with or without the addition of other molten metal
Allowable stresses:
Shear in the throat of the weld
Fv = 0.30Fu
Where Fu = allowable tensile strength of the weld metal
Fillet welds- welds approximately triangular in cross section. If t is the
nominal leg thickness, then the effective area is 0.707t multiplied by the
effective length of the weld.

Force carried by weld

P = AFv
Where : Fv = shearing stress at the throat of the weld
A = effective area =0.707tL
t = weld thickness
L = length of the weld

Minimum size of fillet welds

Material thickness of thicker
parts joined (mm )

Minimum size of
Fillet weld (mm)

To 6 inclusive

3.0

Over 6 to 12

4.5

Over 12 to 20

6.0

Over 20

7.5

Maximum size of fillet weld

Along edges of material less than 6 mm,not greater than the
thickness of the materials
b) Along edges of material 6 mm or more in thickness, not
greater than the thickness of the material minus 1.5 mm.
a)

Force per unit length of weld:

P
q
L
q 0.707tFv
L = length of the weld

Problem:
A double fillet welded lap joint is as shown below. The plate
thickness is 13mm . If the allowable tensile strength of the weld metal is
550 MPa, determine the following :
a) minimum size of the fillet weld
b) Total area of the fillet weld
c) capacity of the connection

T
T

12 mm

350 mm

Maximum size of fillet weld

t 6 mm
Area of the fillet weld
A 0.707tL 0.707(6)350 1484.7mm 2
Capacity of the connection
1487.7(550)
P AFv
816.6kN
1000

Problem:
A 150 mm x 90 mm x 12 mm angular section is welded to a gusset plate
as shown. Area of the angle is 2736 sq.mm , allowable shear Fv is
150MPa, allowable tensile stress Ft = 0.6Fy with Fy = 250 MPa.
Determine the following:
a) design force P
b) total required length of weld using 12 mm fillet weld
c) value of b
150 mm x 90 mm angle

99 mm

150mm

12mm plate

150 mm x 90 mm angle

P1

99 mm
150mm

12mm plate

P2
b

a ) design force P
P AFt 2736(0.6)250 410,400 N
forces acting on the welds

M
F

P1

P2 (150) - P(99) 0
P2 (150) 410,400(99) 0
P2 270864 N

P1 270864 410400 0
P1 139536 N

force per unit length of weld

q 0.707tFV 0.707(12)150 1272.6 N / mm

b) length of weld
P
L
q
P1 139536
a

109.65mm say 110 mm

q 1272.6
P2 270864
b

212.84mm say 220 mm

q
1272.6
total length of weld
L a b 110 220 330mm

Eccentrically Loaded Welded Connection

Components of the direct force
x component
qdx

Pdx

y component
Pdy
qdy
L

Components of the Torsional force

x Component
y component

qtx

Ty
2

L
2
2
L(12 xc yc )

qdy

Tx

L2
2
2
L
(

y
12 c c )
T Pe

where:
T = torsional moment = Pe
x and y = coordinates of any point on the weld
measured from the centroid of the weld group
xc and yc = horizontal and vertical distance of the centroid
of a weld from the centroid of the weld group
Maximum intensity of weld force

q ( qdx qtx ) ( qdy qty )

2

Problem:
A plate is attached to the frame of a machine by side fillet welds as
shown in the figure. Determine the size of the welds to resist a
vertical load of 150 kN. Assume that the allowable shearing stress
at the throats of the weld is 145 MPa.
250 mm
100 mm

200 mm

200 mm

P=150 kN

e
x 50

250 mm

P=150 kN

100 mm

200 mm

2 1

120 mm

y 80

200 mm
Centroid of weld group

Components of the direct force

qdx 0
P

150(1000)
qdy

300 N/mm
500
L
eccentricity
e 250 50 300mm

L =200+100+200=500
Centroid of weld group
L x lx l1 x1 l2 x2 l3 x3
500 x 100(50) 200(0) 200(1000
x 50
L y ly l1 y1 l2 y2 l3 y3
500 y 100(200) 200(100) 200(0)
y 80

e
x 50

B
200 mm

250 mm

100 mm

Centroid of weld group

polar moment of inertia

2 1

P=150 kN

120 mm

3
200 mm

y 80

L 2
( L xc2 yc2 )
12
(100)
AB :
([100]2 0 2 [120]2 ) 203,333.33
12
(200)
BC :
([200]2 [50]2 [20]2 ) 715,000
12
(200)
CD :
([200]2 [50]2 [80]2 ) 815,000
12
L 2
2
2
3
(
L

y
)

1
,
733
,
333
.
33
mm
12
c
c
Torsional Moment :
T Pe 150(1000)300 45x106 N .mm

qd
B

qt

250 mm

P=150 kN

qt

qt
qd
C
qt

components of the torsional force

at A :
45(10) 6120
q tx

3115 .38 N
L 2
1,733,333.33
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Tx
45(10) 6 50
q ty

1298.31N
L 2
1,733,333.33
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Ty

q A (qdx qtx ) 2 (qdy qty ) 2

q A (0 3115 .38) 2 (300 1298.31) 2 3502 N/mm

components of the torsional force

at D :
45(10) 6 80
q tx

2076.9 N
L 2
1,733,333.33
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Tx
45(10) 6150
q ty

3894.21N
L 2
1,733,333.33
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Ty

q D (qdx qtx ) 2 (qdy qty ) 2

q D (0 2076.9) 2 (300 3894.21) 2 4680 N/mm
Use q 4680
0.707tFv 4680
0.707t(145) 4680
t 46 mm

Steel and Timber

Midterm Exam
2 . A WF section carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m
including its own weight and a concentrated load of P acting at the
third points of the beam. If the beam is laterally unsupported,
determine the safe value of P when
a) L = 3.6 m b) L =6.2m c) L = 7.2 m
Properties of WF 542 x 124
A = 19226 mm d = 542 mm bf = 312 mm tf = 20.32 mm
tw = 12.7 mm
Sx = 3720 x 10 mm
Sy = 639 x 10 mm
Fy = 248 MPa

a) L = 3.6 m
LC

200b f
Fy

200(312)
3962.4mm L
248

Fb 0.66 Fy 0.66(248) 163.68MPa

M Fb S x 163.68
2

3720(10)
608.9kN .m
6
(10)

PL wL
M

3
8
P (3.6) 10(3.6) 2
608.9

3
8
P 493.92kN

Fb 0.60 Fy 0.60(248) 148.8MPa

3720(10)3
M Fb S x 148.8
553.54kN .m
6
(10)
PL wL2
M

3
8
P (6.2) 10(6.2) 2
553.54

3
8
P 244.9kN

b) L = 6.2 m
Lu

138000 A f
dFy

138000(312)(20.32)

6508.88mm
542(248)

3962.4 6200 6508.88

LC L Lu

1. Compute the resisting moment of a W530x 290 with

a) Fy = 248 MPa
b) Fy = 345 MPa
Assume the section has full lateral support for its compression flange.

Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A = 9484 mm2

Ix = 4.096 x 108 mm4

d = 529 mm

Sx = 1.54 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.65 mm

rx = 134 mm

bf = 166 mm

ry = 77mm

tf = 16.51 mm

Sy = 4.78 x 105 mm3

Iy = 7.29 x 109 mm4

Solution
a) Fy=248 MPa

bf

166

5.02
2t f
2(16.51)
170 170

10.8
Fy
248

Fb 0.66 Fy
bf

2t f

170
Fy

Fb 0.66(248) 163.68MPa

d
529

54.81 d 1680
675
t w 9.65

or
tw
Fy
Fy
1680 1680

106.68
Section is Compact
Fy
248

Solution
b) Fy=345 MPa

bf

166

5.02
2t f
2(16.51)
170 170

9.15
Fy
345
250 250

13.46
Fy
345

Fb 0.66 Fy
Fb 0.66(345) 227.71MPa
bf

170

2t f
Fy

d
529

54.81 d 1680
t w 9.65
tw
Fy
1680 1680

90.45
Section is Compact
Fy
345

Steel and Timber Design

Semi Final
Compute the axial load capacity of a W530x 290 with
Fy = 248 MPa, L = 5.0 m when
a) both ends of columns are fixed
b) both ends of columns are hinged
c) one end is hinged the other end fixed

Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A =9484 mm2
rx = 134 mm
ry = 77mm

Midterm Exam
A built up column consist of two channels C 450 x 42.7 and
one cover plate 500 mm x 12 mm. The channels are placed
300 mm back to back with the flanges outstanding. The height of the
Column is 6 m with k =1.0. Determine the axial load capacity of
the column. Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200 GPa
500 mm
12 mm

Properties of C 450 x 42.7

A 8129.02 mm 2
I x 230.59 x10 6 mm 4

450 mm

I y 5.99 x10 6 mm 4
x 22.28mm

300 mm

A W 250x58 column is hinged at both ends with sidesway being prevented.

The load is eccentric by 25 mm causing bending about the major axis.
The column is 5.4 m high without any lateral bracing. Determine the axial load
and moment capacity of this column
Properties of W 250 x 58
A 7420 mm 2
S x 693 x103 mm3
S y 186 x103 mm 3
Fy 250 MPa
Fe ' 412 MPa
C m 0 .6
rx 108 mm
ry 50.4 mm
E 200000 MPa
Fb 150 MPa

Plate #5 : Riveted Connections

Determine the allowable tensile force P which can be appllied to the plates shown. The AISC
specifications A36 steel and 20 mm diameter A325 bolts placed in standard holes with threads excluded
from the shear plane are used in a bearing in a bearing type connection. Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa,
Fv = 206.9 MPa and Fp = 1.5 Fu.

P
P
12mm

250 mm

12mm

Determine the net critical area of the riveted connection shown. Plate thickness is 25 mm and rivet diameter
is 20 mm diameter . Assume that the rivet hole is 3 mm larger than the rivet diameter.

90 mm

90 mm

390 mm

90 mm

50mm 75mm

50mm

For the plate bracket shown below, determine the load on the most stressed rivet.

P=250 kN
e = 300 mm

Most stressed Rivet

200 mm

6-25 mm

200 mm

150 mm

Most stressed Rivet

solution
components of direct force
250,000
Pdx 0
Pdy
41666.67 N
6
2
2
x

6
(
75
)
33,750

200 mm
200 mm

4(200) 2 160,000

M Pe 250,000(300) 75 x106 N .mm x 75, y 200

My
75(10) 6 200
Ptx

77419.35 N
2
2
x y 33750 160000

150 mm

Mx
75(10) 6 75
Pty

29032.26 N
2
2
x y 33750 160000

( Pdx Ptx ) 2 ( Pdy Pty ) 2

(0 77419.35) 2 ( 41666.67 29032.26) 2

R 104,843.19 N

Plate # 6: ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTION

A plate is attached to the frame of a machine by side fillet welds as
shown in the figure. Determine the size of the welds to resist a load
of 200 kN. Assume that the allowable shearing stress at the throats
of the weld is 150 MPa.
P=200 kN
250 mm
150 mm

250 mm

250 mm

450

A 150 mm x 90 mm x 16 mm angular section is welded to a gusset plate as shown. Area of the angle is
3236 sq.mm , allowable shear Fv is 150MPa, allowable tensile stress Ft = 0.6Fy with Fy = 250 MPa.
Determine the following:
a) design force P
b) total required length of weld using 12 mm fillet weld
150 mm x 90 mm angle

99 mm

200mm

12mm plate
b

Semi- Final Exam

A plate is attached to the frame of a machine by side fillet welds as
shown in the figure. Determine the size of the welds to resist a load
of 200 kN. Assume that the allowable shearing stress at the throats
of the weld is 150 MPa.
P=200 kN
250 mm
150 mm

250 mm

250 mm

450

P=200 kN

qd

qd

250 mm

L 150 2(250) 650

150 mm

450

250 mm

qd

qd

qd x

200(1000)Cos 45 (200)1000Cos 45
N

217.57

650
mm
L

qd y

200(1000) Sin 45 (200)1000 Sin 45

N

217.57

L
650
mm

250 mm

P=200 kN

B
250 mm

L x lx
650 x 150(75) 250(0) 250(125)

250 mm

150 mm

45

x 65.4

L y ly

A
y

250 mm

650 y 150(250) 250(0) 250(125)

y 105.8

P=200 kN

65.4

250 mm

84.6

B
250 mm

150 mm

450

144.2
105.8

250 mm

polar moment of inertia

L 2
( L xc2 yc2 )
12
(150)
AB :
([150]2 (75 65.4) 2 [144.2]2 ) 542322.5
12
(250)
BC :
([250]2 [65.4]2 [144.2 125]2 ) 1398870.8
12

(250)
CD :
([250]2 [125 65.4]2 [105.8]2 ) 1609287.5
12
L 2
2
2
(
L

y
12
c
c ) 3550480.8
Torsional Moment :
200Cos45(144.2) 200 Sin 45(250 84.6)
T

67.71kN .m
1000
1000
qd

P=200 kN

qd

250 mm

150 mm

250 mm

450

A
qd

qd
250 mm

components of the torsional force

at A :
67.71(10) 6144.2
q tx

2750 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Tx
67.71(10) 6 84.6
q ty

1613.38 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Ty

q A (qdx qtx ) 2 (qdy qty ) 2

q A (217.57 2750) 2 (217.57 1613.38) 2 3486.95 N/mm

components of the torsional force

at D :
67.71(10) 6105.8
q tx

2017.68 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Tx
67.71(10) 6 (250 65.4)
q ty

3520 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Ty

q A (qdx qtx ) 2 (qdy qty ) 2

q A (217.57 2017.68) 2 (217.57 3520) 2 4355 N/mm
Use q 4355 N/mm
q 0.707tFv
4355 0.707t (150)
t 41.06mm

Determine the net critical width of the riveted connection shown. Plate thickness is 25 mm and rivet
diameter is 20 mm diameter . Assume that the rivet hole is 3 mm larger than the rivet diameter.

A
B
P

90 mm

90 mm

390 mm

90 mm

D
E
F

50mm 75mm

50mm

path ABCDEF
s2
Wn w 4d
4g
2

(125) (50) 2 (125) 2

Wn 390 4(20 3)

4(90) 4(90) 4(90)

Wn 391.75mm
path ABCDF
2

s
Wn w 3d
4g

path ABCEF
s2
Wn w 3d
4g

(125)
(75)
Wn 390 3(20 3)

4(90) 4(180)
Wn 372.22mm

(125)
(50) 2
Wn 390 3(20 3)

4(90) 4(90)
Wn 371.35mm
Use Wn 371.35mm

A plate is attached to the frame of a machine by side fillet welds as

shown in the figure. Determine the size of the welds to resist a load
of 100 kN. Assume that the allowable shearing stress at the throats
of the weld is 150 MPa.
P=100 kN

150 mm

250 mm

250 mm

200
mm

450

P=100 kN
qd

qd

200 mm

L 150 2(250) 650

150 mm

450

qd x 0

250 mm

qd y

qd

qd

100(1000) (100)1000
N

153.84

650
mm
L

250 mm

P=100 kN

B
250 mm

L x lx
650 x 150(75) 250(0) 250(125)

200 mm

150 mm

45

x 65.4

L y ly

A
y

250 mm

650 y 150(250) 250(0) 250(125)

y 105.8

P=100 kN
65.4

250 mm

84.6

B
250 mm

150 mm

450

144.2
105.8

250 mm

polar moment of inertia

L 2
( L xc2 yc2 )
12
(150)
AB :
([150]2 (75 65.4) 2 [144.2]2 ) 542322.5
12
(250)
BC :
([250]2 [65.4]2 [144.2 125]2 ) 1398870.8
12

(250)
CD :
([250]2 [125 65.4]2 [105.8]2 ) 1609287.5
12
L 2
2
2
(
L

y
12
c
c ) 3550480.8
Torsional Moment :
T 100(284.6) 28.46kN .m
P=100 kN
qd

qd

200
mm

150 mm

250 mm

450

A
qd

qd
250 mm

components of the torsional force

at A :
28.46(10) 6144.2
q tx

1156 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Tx
28.46(10) 6 84.6
q ty

679 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Ty

q A (qdx qtx ) 2 (qdy qty ) 2

q A (0 1156 ) 2 (153.84 679) 2 1424.78 N/mm

components of the torsional force

at D :
28.46(10) 6105.8
q tx

848 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Tx
28.46(10) 6 (250 65.4)
q ty

1480 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L

y
)
12
c
c
Ty

q D (qdx qtx ) 2 (qdy qty ) 2

q D (0 848) 2 (153.84 1480) 2 1841N/mm
Use q 1841 N/mm
q 0.707tFv
1841 0.707t (150)
t 17.35mm

A W 530 x 290 section with 180 mm x 20 mm plate placed on the top of the
flange as shown is used as a column with a length of 8.0 m Determine the safe
axial load the column can carry using AISC specifications with Fy = 345 MPa
when: a) column ends are fixed b) column ends are hinged
Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A = 9484 mm2

Ix = 4.096 x 108 mm4

d = 529 mm

Sx = 1.54 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.65 mm

rx = 134 mm

bf = 166 mm

ry = 77mm

tf = 16.51 mm

Sy = 4.78 x 105 mm3

Iy = 39.67 x 106 mm4

A W310 x 135 with simple span of 5.0 m is used as a purlins on a roof truss inclined at 30 0 with the
horizontal. The purlins is subject to a wind load of 4 kN/m acting perpendicular to the purlins and
weight of purlins and roofing materials of 2 kN/m acting vertically. Assuming that all loads pass thru
the centroid of the purlins determine ,the maximum bending stress on the purlins.
Section Properties of W310 x 135 :
Sx = 1.86 x 106 mm3

Sy = 5.6 x 105 mm3

STEEL (ARCH)
1. Compute the resisting moment of a W310 x 97 with
a) Fy = 248 MPa
Assume the section has full lateral support for its compression flange.

Section Properties:
W310 x 97
A = 12300 mm2
d = 308 mm
tw = 9.91 mm
bf = 305 mm
tf = 15.4 mm

Sx = 1.44 x 106 mm3

Solution
a) Fy=248 MPa

Fb 0.66 Fy

bf

305

9 .9
2t f 2(15.4)
170 170

10.8
Fy
248

Fb 0.66(248) 163.68MPa
bf
2t f

170
Fy

M Fb S x
163.68(1.44)(10) 6
M
6
(10)
M 235.7 kN .m

d
308

31.08 d 1680
675
t w 9.91

or
tw
Fy
Fy
1680 1680

106.68
Section is Compact
Fy
248

2. A WF section has the properties shown below. If the beam is laterally unsupported,
determine the moment capacity if
a) L = 3.0 m
Properties of WF 410 x 114
A = 14600 mm d = 420 mm bf = 261 mm tf = 19.33 mm
tw = 11.6 mm
Fy = 248 MPa

Sx = 2000 x 10 mm

Sy = 439 x 10 mm

a) L = 3 m
LC

200b f

200(261)

3314.7 mm L
Fy
248

Fb 0.66 Fy 0.66(248) 163.68MPa

2000(10)3
M Fb S x 163.68
327.36kN .m
6
(10)
PL wL2
M

4
8
P (3) 30(3) 2
327.36

4
8
P 391.48kN

Semi-Final (ARCH)

A W 310 x 118 section with a length of 8.0 m is used as a column.

Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using AISC
specifications with Fy = 345 MPa when:
a) column ends are fixed
b) one end of the column is fixed; the other free
Properties of W 310 x 118
A = 15000 mm
rx = 136 mm
ry = 77.6 mm