INTRODUCTION

It is a production lathe used in many industries for

mass production of identical components
It is a development of engine lathes
It was first developed in the United States by Pratt
and Whitney in 1860
It consists of a bed, all geared headstock, and a
saddle on which a four station tool post is mounted .
Tailstock of an engine is replaced by a hexagonal
turret,on the face of which multiple tools may be
fitted and fed into the work in proper sequence.
Advantage is that several different types of
operations can be done on a work piece without resetting of work or tools.
A number of identical parts can be produced in the
minimum time.

Differences b/w Engine lathe

and Capstan/turret lathe

Capstan/turret
Lathe
More tool posts.
No tail stock.
Manual indexing.
Operational time
is lesser.
Semi skilled labor
for operation.

Engine Lathe
Only one tool post.
It has tail stock.
No indexing .
Operational time is
more
Skilled workers have
to operate.

No lead screw.
High
quality
of
accuracy.
It is used for mass
production work.
It takes lesser time
as
changing
of
work is automatic.
Minimum of 15hp
motor is required
to run
the head
stock.
It takes more time
in setting up the
tool.

Has low accuracy.

It
is
used
according to job
order.
It takes more as
changing of work is
manual.
Minimum
of 5hp
motor is required
to run the head
stock.
It takes less time
in setting up tool.

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF
CAPSTAN &TURRET LATHE

CAPSTAN LATHE

Capstan lathes are widely used in the precision

auto turned component manufacturer.
Gives a large volume production, high
accuracy, very versatile and maintenance-free.
All the machine operations like turning,
facing, boring, drilling and tapping can be
done both in ferrous and nonferrous materials.
Even unskilled labour can operate this machine
very easily.

OPERATION

It carries the hexagonal turret on a ram

or a short slide.
Ram slides longitudinally on a saddle
positioned and clamped on lathe bed
way.
This machine is used for machining bar
of smaller diameter.
Tools are mounted on the square turret
and six faces of the hexagonal turret.
Feeding movement is obtained when
ram moves from left to right.
When the ram is moved backwards and
turret indexes automatically and the
tools mounted on the next face comes

TURRET LATHE
Introduction

It is mounted directly on a saddle and the

whole unit moves back & forth
Turret lathe is heavier in construction
It is particularly adapted for larger diameter
barwork & chucking work
Machine can accommodate longer work
pieces than in a capstan lathe

OPERATION

In a turret lathe, a longitudinally feed able,

hexagon turret replaces the tailstock.
Turret on which six tools can be mounted, can
be rotated about a vertical axis to bring each
tool into operating position.
Entire unit can be moved longitudinally, either
manually or by power to provide feed for the
tools.
When the turret assembly is backed away from
the spindle by means of a capstan wheel, turret
indexes automatically at the end of its
movement thus bringing each of the six tools
into operating position.
Square turret on the cross slide can be rotated
manually about a vertical axis to bring each of
the four tools into operating position.

On most machines, the turret can be moved

transversely, either manually or by power, by
means of the cross slide, and longitudinally
through power or manual operation of the
carriage. In most cased, a fixed tool holder also
is added to the back end of the cross slide; this
often
carries
a
parting
tool

A number of tools can be set on the machine

and then quickly be brought successively into
working position so that a complete part can
be machined without the necessity for further
adjusting,
changing
tools,
or
making
measurements.

ADVANTAGES OF TURRET LATHES

1.
2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

Tools may be set up in the turret in the proper

sequence for the operation.
Each section is provided with a feed trip so
that each cut of the tool is the same as the
previous cut.
Multiple cuts can be taken from the same
station at the same time.
Combined cuts can be made , tools on the
cross slide can be used at the same time that
tools on the turret are cutting.
Rigidity in holding work and tools is built into
the machine to permit multiple and combined
cuts.
Turret lathes may be fitted with attachments
for
taper
turning
,thread
cutting
and
duplicating and can be tape controlled,.

DISMILARITIES BETWEEN
CAPSTAN & TURRET LATHE

Turret of capstan lathe is mounted on a

short slides on a saddle. The saddle is
clamped on bed ways after adjusting
the length of the work piece.
In case of turret lathe ,the turret is
mounted on the saddle which slides
directly on the lathe bed ways. This
type of construction provides utmost
rigidity to the tool post.

CAPSTAN AND TURRET LATHE

SLIDE ARRANGEMENT

In case of capstan lathe as the ram feeds into

the work, the overhanging of the ram from the
stationary saddle presents a non rigid
construction.
Turret lathe can operate under severe cutting
conditions , accommodating heavier work
pieces with higher cutting speeds.
Larger and heavier chucking works are usually
handled on a turret lathe.
Capstan lathe is suitable only for bar work.
Capstan lathes are particularly handy for small
articles which require light and fast cuts.
In turret lathes the hand feeding is laborious
process which makes it unsuitable for small
articles.

Larger and heavier chucking works are usually

handled on a turret lathe.
Capstan lathe is suitable only for bar work.
Capstan lathes are particularly handy for small
articles which require light and fast cuts.
In turret lathes the hand feeding is laborious
process which makes it unsuitable for small
articles.

Drilling machine

Drilling: Operation through which holes are produced in a

solid metal by revolving tool (drill).
Drills are commonly used in woodworking and
metalworking.
Drilling doesnt produce perfectly true hole (Basic operation)
Hole is generated by rotating edge of a cutting tool known
as drill which exerts large force on the work.

Classification of Drills

According to type of shank:

Parallel Shank
Taper Shank

According to type of flute:

Flat/Spade drills
Twist Drills [Parallel & Taper]

According to length:
Short series drills
Stub series drills
Long Series drills

According to applications:

Core drills
Drills for long hole drilling
Centre drills
Masonary drills

According to tool material:

High Speed drills
Carbide tipped drills

Classification of Drilling Machines

Portable drilling machine

Sensitive or bench drilling machine
Upright drilling machine
Radial drilling machine
Multiple spindle drilling machine
Deep hole drilling machine
Gang drilling machine
Horizontal drilling machine
Automatic drilling machine

Tools for Drilling

Flat/Spade drills:
It carries a flat section at cutting edge
Material used is carbon steel /HSS
It has been obsolete due to many reasons
Still used for small special works

Twist drills:
Most widely used for numerous operations
Material used is HSS
Available in various sizes
Sub types: Taper shank & Parallel shank

Drill size & specification

According to Indian Standards, drills are specified:

Types:

Diameters
Series
Material
I.S. number

Type N Normal low carbon steel

Type H Hard materials
Type S Soft & tough materials

Ex: 9.50 IS: 5101 HS:- Twist drill of 9.5 mm & IS:5101
refers drill made from High speed steel

If material is not specified, type N should be taken.

Normal sizes: In metric sizes, drill dia range from 0.2mm to
100mm

Drilling Machines

Portable drilling machines:

Small, compact & self- contained with small

electric motor.
Light in weight & easily handled.
Available in different sizes & capacities
(wider range of holes)
Upto maximum diameter of 12mm can be
drilled

Sensitive (Bench Drill)

Useful for light work

Simple construction
Consists of iron base(9), vertical column (5),
swivel table(6), swivel table clamp(8),electric
motor (1), feed handle (2),spindle (3), drill
chuck (4)
Top of column is provided with drive consists
of endless belt running over 2 V-pulleys.
One pulley is mounted on motor shaft & other
on machine spindle
Vertical movement provided by feed handle
through a rack & pinion arrangement.
Drills having up to 20mm drilling capacity can
be used.
Drills rotate at very high speed
Hand feed enables operator to feel gradual
penetration of drill into work material & even
sense obstruction.
Even it can be sensed whether drill is cutting
properly
For these reasons it is known as sensitive
drills

Radial drilling machine

Useful commonly for its wider action

Single spindle drilling machines
Has vertical column with radial arm
Arm can swing through 180deg
Used for reaming and tapping
Speed vary from 20 1600 rpm
Consists of iron base, vertical
column, horizontal moving arm, drive
spindle, drill chuck, interlocking
clamping levers etc

Gang drilling machine

2 or more drill heads mounted on same table

Each spindle has independent set of speed and
depth
Movement of jobs are fast
Production is at faster rate
Applications: Multiple hole drilling in pipes, plates

Multiple spindle drilling machine

Drills several holes simultaneously of different

sizes
High production rate
All spindles have same drive
Drill heads has capacity to drive up to 50
spindles simultaneously
Spindles can be placed in different positions to
enable drilling of holes at any location

Upright drilling machine

Several spindle speed are available

Ideally suited for small and big shops
Designed for heavier work
Mounted on a column
Specified by dist. b/w spindle & column

Deep drilling machines

Used for holes whose length exceed 3

times the drill size
Like for barrels of guns and tanks
They are of vertical and horizontal type
High speed & low feed machine tool
Vertical or horizontal spindle drive

Automatic drilling machine

For high production work

Different operations are performed in sequence at successive
work station
At each workstation, operation sequence, related cutting speeds,
start & finish of operation are arranged in synchronized manner.
Has indexing table and work holding fixtures
Has multiple stations
Has multiple spindles in various orientations
Several operations like drilling, boring, tapping, etc can be
performed

Drilling operations

Drilling
Reaming
Boring
Counter boring
Counter sinking
Spot facing
Tapping

Drilling: It is main operation done on

this machine, producing a hole by
means of revolving tool (drill)
Reaming: Operation of finishing a
hole to bring it to accurate size and
have better surface finish (reamer)
Produces straight, smooth and
accurate hole.
Boring: Operation of enlarging a hole
to bring it to required size and have
better finish. Also used for correcting
hole location & out of roundness
Counter
boring:
Operation
of
enlarging only a limited portion of
hole. It is performed by means of
counter boring tool (double tool
boring bar)

Counter sinking: Operation used

for enlarging end of hole to give it a
conical shape for short distance.
Useful in providing a seat for
countersunk heads of screws
Spot facing: Operation used for
squaring & finishing the surface
around & at end of a hole to
provide a smooth & true seat to
under seat of bolt heads or collars
Tapping: Operation for forming
internal threads by means of tool
(tap)

Twist Drills

It is a cylindrical body carrying two spiral flutes cut on it.

It consists of two main parts:
Shank (gripped in drill chuck)
Body (Main cutting unit)

Shank carry a tang at end to ensure a firm grip

Body consists of flute (removal of chips), lips/ cutting edges,
point or dead centre, land (guides drill in hole) & relief/ body
clearance

High Helix:

Carry a helix angle of 350 to 400 & a heavy web & groove width
is larger than that of usual twist drill (easier & quicker disposal
of chips)
Large employed for deep hole drilling [Fast spiral drills]

Low Helix:

Carry smaller helix angle & are relatively more rigid.

Capable of higher torque & heavier feeds [slow spiral drills]

Drilling parameters

Cutting Speed:

Feed (f):

Refers to peripheral speed of a point on the surface of a point on

the surface of drill bit in contact with work. (m/min)
V = (3.14*D*N)/1000 m/min
It is the distance the drill moves into work at each revolution of
drill spindle (mm/rev)

Depth of cut (t):

It is equal to one half of the diameter. t = D/2 mm

Milling

Milling is one of the basic machining processes.

Milling is a very versatile process capable of
producing simple two dimensional flat shapes to
complex three dimensional interlaced surface
configurations.
Its a machining process in which metal is
removed due to cutting action of a revolving
cutter when work is fed past to it.
Revolving cutter is held in spindle/arbor & work
is clamped on to machine table.

Working principle

Work is rigidly clamped onto table/ held b/w centers

Multi-teeth cutter mounted onto spindle.
Cutter revolves at fairly high speed & work is fed slowly
past the cutter.
As work advances, cutter-teeth remove the metal from
work surface.

The Process

The milling process:

Typically uses a multi-tooth

cutter
Work is fed into the rotating
cutter
Capable of high MRR
Well suited for mass
production applications
Cutting tools for this process
are called milling cutters

Classification of milling process

Peripheral milling
Up milling
Down Milling

Face Milling
End Milling

Classification of milling process

Peripheral milling
Up milling
Down Milling

Face Milling
End Milling

Up-milling (Conventional milling)

Process of removing metal by a cutter which is

rotated against the direction of travel of work piece.
Chip thickness is min at beginning of the cut and it
reaches to max when cut terminates.
Cutting force increases from zero to max per tooth
movement of cutter.
Cutting force is directed upwards and tends to lift
work from table.
Surface milled appears to be wavy.

Up-milling
Down-milling

Down-milling (Climb milling)

Process of removing metal by a cutter which is rotated
in same direction of travel of work piece.
Chip thickness is max at beginning of the cut and it
reduces to min when cut terminates.
Cutting force decreases from max to min per tooth
movement of cutter.
Cutting force is directed downwards and tends to seat
the work firmly onto the table.
Surface finish is improved.
It is to be performed only on rigid machines provided
with backlash eliminator.

Face Milling
Operation performed by milling
cutter to produce flat surface
perpendicular to axis of rotation of
cutter.
Peripheral cutting edge does actual
cutting & face cutting edges does
finishing operation.
During one half cutter rotation,
direction of movement of cutter tooth
is opposite to direction of feed &
during rest half, direction reverses.

Chip thickness is min in beginning and max when work passes

through centre-line of cutter.
Milled surface contains tooth circular marks.

End Milling
Combination of peripheral & face milling operation.
Cutter has teeth both on end face & periphery.
Direction of rotation & direction of helix of cutter should be
same end cutting edges.
Direction of rotation & direction of helix of cutter should be
opposite peripheral cutting edges.

Milling Machines

Column & knee type milling machine.

hand
Vertical
Horizontal/plain
Universal
Omniversal

Fixed bed type milling machine.

Simplex/plain(having single horizontal spindle)
Duplex head(having two horizontal spindles)
Triplex head(having 2 horizontal and 1 vertical
spindle)

Planer type milling machine.

Special type milling machine.

Rotary table
Drum
Planetary

Horizontal/Plain Milling Machine

Vertical
column
houses
electrical, main drive, spindles
etc mounted onto heavy base.
Knee acts as support for
saddle, worktable & other
accessories indexing head
etc.
Over arm supports yoke and
free end of arbor.
Arbor carries cutter which
rotates about horizontal axis.
Table
can
move
in
longitudinal, cross & vertical
directions.

Vertical Milling Machine

Vertical column houses electrical, main drive &
mounted onto heavy base.
Knee acts as support for saddle, worktable & other
accessories indexing head etc.
Over arm is integral part with column and carries a
housing at its front.
Housing (Head) can be of fixed/swiveling type .
Fixed type Head containing spindle is always vertical
and can be adjusted up & down.
Swiveling type Head can be swiveled to any desired
angle.
Cutter is held into spindle which rotates about its axis.

Fig.2Schematicillustrationofmillingmachines

Universal Milling Machine

Similar to plain milling machine.
Table can be swiveled about saddle in horizontal
plane.
Circular guide ways are provided on saddle along
which it can be swiveled.
Over-arm can be pushed back or removed & vertical
milling head can replace arbor (Vertical milling
machine).
Most used machine after lathe ,as most of operations
can be performed.

Fixed bed type plain milling Machine

Simplex:
Fixed bed replaces saddle and knee
and table has only longitudinal
travel only.
Upwards, downwards, crosswise
movement is restricted.
Vertical column carries parallel
vertical ways on which adjustable
spindle head/spindle carrier is
mounted.
Spindle head carries spindle to which arbor is fitted to carry
cutter.
Carrier can be moved up & down along the column ways to
adjust the tool to work.

Rotary table Milling Machine

Also known as continuous milling
machine.
It is used in mass production.
Consists
of heavy & sturdy
column.
Spindle carrier mounted on column
carries two vertical spindles &
each spindle carries a cutter at its
bottom.
Spindle carrier can be moved up & down.
Consists of heavy rotating circular table mounted on base.
Fixtures mounted onto table carries no. of components to be
machined.
Process is continuous.

Drum type Milling Machine

It is heavy duty production where two

end
faces
are
machined
simultaneously.
Consists of two vertical columns
mounted on sturdy base.
Heavy drum mounted centrally.
Milling heads mounted onto columns.
Heads carry spindles & can be adjusted
in vertical direction (4-spindles)
Upper 2 spindles are roughening
cutters
Lower 2 spindles are finishing cutters
Fixtures mounted on periphery of drum
Drum rotates continuously brining job in contact with upper
carry job.
cutter first & finishing cutter latter

Plain (Slab) Milling

To produce flat, plain, horizontal surface parallel to axis of
rotation of cutter.
Operation is carried out on plain machine.
Depth of cut is adjusted by rotation of vertical feed screw of
table

Face Milling
To produce flat, plain surface parallel to axis of rotation of cutter.
Operation is carried out in plain machine.
Depth of cut is adjusted by rotation of cross feed screw of table

Side/Straddle Milling
To produce flat vertical surface on the side of work piece using a
side milling cutter.
Depth of cut is adjusted by rotating vertical feed screw of table.
When the machining is required on both sides of work piece, two
side milling cutter is used mounted on same arbor (Straddle
milling)

Angular Milling
To produce flat surface at an angle, other than right angle to axis
of revolution of cutter.
Cutter can be single/double angle cutter depending upon whether
a single surface to be machined or two mutually inclined surfaces
simultaneously.

Gang Milling

Operation of machining several surfaces of a work piece

simultaneously by feeding table against no. of cutters having
same/different diameters mounted on a common arbor of
machine.

End Milling
Surfaces produced may be horizontal, vertical or inclined with
respect to top of machine table.
For horizontal surface, axis of rotation should be horizontal &
same for vertical & for inclined.

Milling Keyways/grooves/slot

Uses plain milling cutter of

various shapes & sizes.
Open slot can be cut by Plain
milling cutter, side milling
cutter.
Closed slot by using end mill.
T-slot/dove tail by using
required shape.
Key slot by using end mill or
side mill cutter

Milling Cutter Characteristics

Cutter Characteristics
Harder than metal being machined
Strong enough to withstand cutting pressures
Tough to resist shock resulting from contact
Resist heat and abrasion of cutting
Available in various sizes and shapes

Milling cutter
materials
1.High carbon steel
2.High speed steel
3.Stellite
4.Cemented carbides
5.Ceramics.

Standard Milling cutters

Plain Milling cutter

Plain side
Staggered teeth side
Half side
Interlocking side

Plain
Staggered teeth

Angle milling cutter

Single
Double

End mill

Taper shank
Straight shank
Shell

Fly cutter
Formed cutter

Metal Slitting saw

Light duty /key way

Heavy duty
Helical /slab

Side Milling cutter

Convex
Concave
Corner rounding
Gear cutter

Face milling cutter

Shell type
Built-up face

Plain Milling Cutters

Once widely used

Cylinder of high-speed steel with teeth cut
on periphery
Used to produce flat surface
Several types
Light-duty
Light-duty helical
Heavy-duty
High-helix

Light-Duty Plain Milling Cutter

Less than in. wide, straight teeth

Used for light milling operations
Those over in have helix angle of 25
Too many teeth to permit chip clearance

Heavy-Duty Plain Milling Cutters

Have fewer teeth than light-duty type

Provide for better chip clearance

Helix angle varies up to 45

Produces smoother surface because of

shearing action and reduced chatter

Less power required

High-Helix Plain Milling

Cutters

Have helix angles from 45 to over 60

Suited to milling of wide and intermittent
surfaces on contour and profile milling
Sometimes shank-mounted

with pilot on end and used

for milling elongated slots

Standard Shank-Type Helical

Milling Cutters

Called arbor-type cutters

Used for
Milling forms from solid metal
Removing inner sections from solids

Inserted through previously drilled hole

and supported at outer end with type A
arbor support

Side Milling Cutters

Comparatively narrow cylindrical milling

cutters with teeth on each side and on
periphery
Used for cutting slots and
for face and straddle milling
operations
Free cutting action at high
speeds and feeds
Suited for milling deep,
narrow slots

Half-Side Milling
Cutters

Used when only one side of cutter

required
Also make with interlocking faces so two
cutter may be placed side by side for slot
milling
Have considerable
rake
Able to take heavy
cuts

Face Milling Cutters

Generally over 6 in. in diameter

Have inserted teeth made of high-speed

steel held in place by wedging device

Most cutting action occurs

at beveled corners and
periphery of cutter
Makes roughing and
finishing cuts in one pass

Angular Cutters

Teeth neither parallel nor perpendicular to

cutting axis
Used for milling angular surfaces
Grooves, serrations, chamfers and reamer teeth

Divided into two groups

Single-angle milling cutters
Double-angle milling cutters

Angular Cutters

Single-angle
Teeth on angular surface
May or may not have teeth on flat
45 or 60

Double-angle
Two intersecting angular surfaces

with cutting teeth on both

Equal angles on both side of line
at right angle to axis

Formed Cutters

Incorporate exact shape of part to be produced

Useful for production of small parts
Each tooth identical in shape
Sharpened by grinding tooth face (may have
positive, zero or negative rake)
Important to maintain original rake
Difficult to sharpen

Types of Formed
Cutters

Concave

Convex

Gear Tooth

Metal-Slitting Saws

Basically thin plain milling cutters with sides

relieved or "dished" to prevent rubbing or
binding when used
Widths from 1/32 to 3/16 in.
Operated at approximately 1/4 to 1/8 of feed
per tooth used for other cutters
Not advisable to key saw to milling arbor
Backlash eliminator should be engaged

Metal-Slitting Saws

End Mills

Cutting teeth on end as well as periphery

Fitted to spindle by suitable adapter
Two types
Solid end mill: shank and cutter integral
Smaller with either straight or helical flutes
Two flute or four flute
Shell end mill: separate shank

Shell End Mills

Face milling cutters

under 6 inch
Solid, multiple-tooth
cutters with teeth on
face and periphery
Held on stub arbor
May be threaded or use

key in shank to drive

cutter

T-Slot Cutter

Used to cut wide horizontal groove at

bottom of T-slot
After narrow vertical groove machined with

end mill or side milling cutter

Consists of small side milling cutter with

teeth on both sides and integral shank for
mounting

Dovetail Cutter

Similar to single-angle milling cutter with

integral shank
Used to form sides of dovetail after tongue
or groove machined
Obtained with 45, 50, 55, or 60 angles

Woodruff Key seat

Cutter

Similar in design to plain and side milling

cutters
Small (up to 2 in) solid shank, straight teeth
Large mounted on arbor with staggered teeth

Used for milling semicylindrical keyseats in

shafts
Designated by number
system

Fly cutters

Single-pointed cutting tool with cutting

end ground to desired shape
Mounted in special
adapter or arbor
Fine feed must be used
Used in experimental
work instead of a
specially shaped cutter

Indexing and dividing heads

Indexing is the operation of dividing the
periphery of the piece of work into any
no.of equal parts.

Indexing is accomplished by using a special

attachment known as dividing head or
head.

Indexing/Dividing Head

Plain dividing head

Universal dividing head
Optical dividing head

Plain dividing head direct indexing

It carries an indexing plate

directly mounted on its spindle.
No worm & worm wheel is used.
Index plate carries 12 to 24 equi.spaced slots on its periphery.
Job is held in b/w dividing head
spindle & tail stock.
Hand lever locks spindle in
position.
Desired slot is engaged on
indexing plate.

Plain dividing head simple indexing

It carries a cast body, carrying spindle.

Front end is mounted with carrier & center.
Rear end has index plate (diff. hole circles on its face & teeth on periphery.
Plate is rotated through worm by handle.
Crank mounted on bolt can be swung to any desired position to bring pin
in front of desired hole.
Plates with 3 circles of 16,42 & 60 or 24,30 & 36 holes are provided on
heads.

Universal dividing head

It carries of a fairly robust body.

Consists of worm & worm wheel arrangement.
It sets job in desired position.
After each cut, it rotates job through desired angle and indexes
periphery of work.
It provides continuous rotary motion to job.
It acts as both holding & supporting device for job during
operation.

Dividing head -working

Supports the job & hold it in

position & rotates it through a
desired angle after each cut is
over.
Index crank rotates the job
and index plate enables this
rotation
through
desired
angle.
Normally 2-3 indexing plates
are provided with no. of
circles on each face.

Brown and Sharpe type

Plate I - 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 holes
Plate 2 - 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 33 holes
Plate 3 - 37, 39, 41, 43, 47, 49 holes

Indexing methods

Direct-indexing
Plain or simple indexing
Compound indexing
Differential indexing
Angular indexing

Direct Indexing

It is simplest case of indexing using plain dividing head.

Index plate is mounted on spindle & rotated by hand.
Preferably used when no. of divisions to be obtained is a
multiple of no. of slots on periphery of index plate.
Indexing ratio = N/n
N = No. of slots on periphery of index plate.
n = No. of divisions required to be obtained.

Ex: Circumference of job is to be divided into 6 divisions

& index plate has 24 slots,
I.R = 24/6 = 4 (index plate is required to be moved
through 4 slots after each cut is over)

Plain/Simple Indexing

Brown and Sharpe type

Plate I - 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 holes
Plate 2 - 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 33 holes
Plate 3 - 37, 39, 41, 43, 47, 49 holes

It is simplest case of indexing using plain dividing head/universal

dividing head.
Used when direct method of indexing can't be used for obtaining
required no. of divisions on work.
This method involves use of crank, worm, wheel and index plate.
Worm is single start & worm wheel has 40 teeth.
Standard indexing plates like Brown & Sharpe are used.
Rules for indexing:
Index crank movement = 40/N (N = no. of divisions required)
If whole no. is obtained, index crank should rotate through a complete no. of

turns obtained.
If fraction no. is obtained, numerator & denominator of fraction is simplified by
multiplying by a common no.
New Numerator= no. of holes to be moved by index crank.
New Denominator = no. of holes in index plate circle.

Ex: 30 teeth on spur gear

Index crank movement = 40/30 =1.1/3=1.1/3*7/7=1.7/21

Compound Indexing

Used when no. of divisions required is outside the range that can't be
obtained by simple indexing.
2-Separate simple indexing methods are used & performed in two
stages.
By turning the crank a define amount in one direction in same way
as in simple indexing.
By turning index plate and crank both, either in same direction or
reverse direction.

2-Separate simple indexing methods are used & performed in two

stages.

Rules for indexing:

N = no. of divisions required

40 n1 n2

N N1 N 2

N1 = Hole circle used by crank pin

N2 = Hole circle used by lock pin
n1 = Hole spaces moved by crank pin in N1 hole circle
n2 = Hole spaces moved by plate & crank pin in N2 hole circle

Procedure for determining index circle:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Ex: Index 69 divisions

69 = 23*3
Index circles: 23 & 33
33-23 =10
10=2*5
69=23*3
10=2*5
40 =2*2*5

44 is no. of hole spaces to be moved

for indexing

40 44 44
21 11
21

1 23
1 11

33
69 23 23
23 33

23 = 23*1
33 = 3*11
7.

9.

& 8:

69 23 * 3
10 2 * 5
40 2 * 2 * 5
23 23 *1
33 3 *11

2*2*11 =44

Differential Indexing
Principle is similar to that of compound indexing.
Carried out in 2 stages:

By turning the crank a define amount in certain direction.

By turning index plate and crank both, either in same direction or reverse
direction.

Movement of index plate is accomplished by moving plate by means of a train of

gears, connecting dividing head spindle to worm spindle.
Differential gears are furnished with change of gears as shown below.
No. of possible teeth: 24,28,32,40,44,48,56,64,72,86,100 (Brown & Sharpe)
[possible divisions -382]
Special gears with teeth: 46,47,52,58,68,70,76,84,96 [possible divisions - 1008]

Rules for differential indexing: Gear ratio ( A N ) 40

A
N = no. of divisions required
A = selected no. which can be indexed

In gear ratio obtained, numerator of fraction=driving gears on

index spindle head & denominator = driven gears on index plate.
Index crank movement =40/A
Index crank & index plate should move in same direction or
opposite to each other depending upon gear ratio.
If A-N is +, index plate & crank rotate in same direction
If A-N is - , index plate & crank rotate in opposite direction
Simple gear train & A-N is +, 1 : idle gear used
Compound gear train & A-N is +, no idle gear used
Simple gear train & A-N is - , 2: idle gear used
Compound gear train & A-N is -, 1 idle gear used


1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

Ex: Index for 83 divisions

Index crank movement =40/83 (Plain indexing not possible)
Select 80 hole circle
Using formula: G.R =(80-83)*40/80 =-3/2
Change of gears = 3 16 48
No. of teeth on driver
*

No. of teeth on driven

2 16 32
Since G.R is ve, direction of rotation of river & driven is opposite, so 2
idle gears or no idle gears can be used ( Simple gear train)
Indexing crank movement = 40/A = 40/80 = 10/20
For complete indexing, crank has to be moved by 10 holes in 20 hole
circle for 83 times.

Angular Indexing

It is used to rotate job through certain angle.

In universal dividing head, crank makes work to rotate through one
complete turn (40 turns of crank make work rotate by 360 0
for each turn of crank, work rotates = 360/40 =90

Crank movement = angular displacement of work in min /9 0

=angular displacement of work in degrees/9 *60
= angular displacement of work in sec/9*60*60
Index 310 = 31/9 =3.4/9=3.8/18
Crank movement = 3 full turns & 8 holes in 18 th hole circle.
Index 150 30 = (15*60)+40 = 930/540 = 1.39/54 =1.13/18
Crank movement = 1 full turn & 13 holes in 18 th hole circle.