M.

Djamil

IMPULS &
MOMENTUM

Momentum

From Newtons laws: force must be present to change an

objects velocity (speed and/or direction)
Wish to consider effects of collisions and corresponding
change in velocity
Golf ball initially at rest, so
some of the KE of club
transferred to provide motion
of golf ball and its change in
velocity

Method to describe is to use concept of linear momentum

Linear momentum = product of mass

scalar

velocity
vector

IMPULS - MOMENTUM
GAYA IMPULS.
Suatu gaya yang bekerja dalam waktu singkat disebut gaya
impuls; misal. Bola yang menumbuk tembok, tumbukan dua
benda, dan bentuk tumbukan yag lain.
Secara matematis, dari Newton II dapat dirumuskan sebagai
berikut :
F = m a F = m dv/dt F dt = m dV
F

IImpuls

Momentum

Cek dimensi & satuannya !

Impulse

In order to change the momentum of an object

(say, golf ball), a force must be applied

The time rate of change of momentum of an

object is equal to the net force acting on it

F net

p m(v f v i )

ma or : p F net t
t
t

Gives an alternative statement of Newtons second law

(F t) is defined as the impulse
Impulse is a vector quantity, the direction is the same
as the direction of the force

Momentum
p mv

Vector quantity, the direction of the

momentum is the same as the velocitys

Applies to two-dimensional motion as well

p x mv x and p y mv y
Size of momentum: depends upon mass
depends upon velocity

Example: Impulse Applied to

Auto Collisions

The most important factor is the collision time

or the time it takes the person to come to a
rest

This will reduce the chance of dying in a car crash

Ways to increase the time

Seat belts
Air bags

The air bag increases the time of the collision and

absorbs some of the energy from the body

ConcepTest
Suppose a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball are rolling
toward you. Both have the same momentum, and you
exert the same force to stop each. How do the time
intervals to stop them compare?
1. It takes less time to stop the ping-pong ball.
2. Both take the same time.
3. It takes more time to stop the ping-pong ball.

Answer
Suppose a ping-pong ball and a bowling ball are rolling toward
you. Both have the same momentum, and you exert the same
force to stop each. How do the time intervals to stop them
compare?
1. It takes less time to stop the ping-pong ball.
2. Both take the same time.

3. It takes more time to stop the ping-pong ball.

Note: Because force equals the time rate of change of

momentum, the two balls loose momentum at the same
rate. If both balls initially had the same momenta, it
takes the same amount of time to stop them.

Problem: Teeing Of
A 50-g golf ball at rest is hit by Big
Bertha club with 500-g mass.
After the collision, golf leaves
with velocity of 50 m/s.
a) Find impulse imparted to ball
b) Assuming club in contact with
ball for 0.5 ms, find average force
acting on golf ball

Problem: teeing of
Given:

1. Use impulse-momentum relation:

impulse p mv f mvi

0.050 kg 50 m s 0
2.50 kg m s

mass: m=50 g
= 0.050 kg
velocity: v=50 m/s
Find:
impulse=?
Faverage=?

2. Having found impulse, find the average

force from the definition of impulse:

p 2.50 kg m s

t
0.5 10 3 s
5.00 103 N

p F t , thus F

Note: according to Newtons 3rd law, that is also a reaction force to club hitting the ball:

F t F R t , or

of club

mv f mv i M V f M V i , or
mv f M V f mv i M V i

CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

Conservation of
Momentum

Definition: an isolated system is the one

that has no external forces acting on it
Momentum in an isolated system in
which a
collision occurs is conserved (regardless
of the nature of the forces between the
A collision may be the result of physical
objects)
contact between two objects

Contact may also arise from the

electrostatic interactions of the electrons in
the surface atoms of the bodies

Conservation of
Momentum

The principle of conservation of momentum states

when no external forces act on a system consisting
of two objects that collide with each other, the
total momentum of the system before the collision
is equal to the total momentum of the system after
the collision
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
Hk Kek. Momentum
v1

m1

v2

m2

v2

F
v1

Concept Test
Suppose a person jumps on the surface of Earth. The Earth
1. will not move at all
2. will recoil in the opposite direction with tiny velocity
3. might recoil, but there is not enough information
provided to see if that could happened
Please fill your answer as question 23 of
General Purpose Answer Sheet

Concept Test
Suppose a person jumps on the surface of Earth. The Earth
1. will not move at all
2. will recoil in the opposite direction with tiny velocity
3. might recoil, but there is not enough information
provided to see if that could happened
Note: momentum is conserved. Lets estimate Earths velocity after
a jump by a 80-kg person. Suppose that initial speed of the
jump is 4 m/s, then:

Person : p 320 kg m s
Earth :

p M EarthVEarth 320 kg m s , so
VEarth

320 kg m s
5.3 10 23 m s
24
6 10 kg
tiny negligible velocity, in opposite direction

Types of Collisions

Momentum is conserved in any collision

what about kinetic energy?

Inelastic collisions
Kinetic energy is not conserved KEi KE f lost energy
Some of the kinetic energy is converted into other types of

energy such as heat, sound, work to permanently deform

an object

Perfectly inelastic collisions occur when the objects

stick together

Not all of the KE is necessarily lost

Perfectly Inelastic Collisions:

When two objects stick together

after the collision, they have

undergone a perfectly inelastic
collision
Suppose, for example, v2i=0.
Conservation of momentum
becomes

m1v1i m2 v2i (m1 m2 )v f

m1v1i 0 (m1 m2 )v f
E.g., if m1 1000 kg , m2 1500 kg :
(1000kg )(50 m s ) 0 (2500kg )v f ,
5 10 4 kg m s
vf
20 m s.
3
2.5 10 kg

Perfectly Inelastic Collisions:

What amount of KE lost during

collision?
1
1
m1v12i m2 v22i
2
2
1
(1000 kg )(50 m s ) 2 1.25 10 6 J
2

KEbefore

1
(m1 m2 )v 2f
2
1
(2500 kg )(20 m s ) 2 0.50 10 6 J
2

KEafter

KElost 0.75 106 J

lost in heat/gluing/sound/

More Types of
Collisions

Elastic collisions
both momentum and kinetic energy are

conserved

Actual collisions
Most collisions fall between elastic and

perfectly inelastic collisions

More About Elastic

Collisions

Both momentum and kinetic energy are

conserved
Typically have two unknowns

m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v2 f

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
m1v1i m2 v2i m1v1 f m2 v2 f
2
2
2
2

Solve the equations simultaneously

Elastic Collisions:
Using previous
example (but elastic
collision is assumed)
P before m1 v1i m1 v 2i
(1000 kg )(50 m s ) (1500 kg )(20 m s )
2.0 10 4 kg m s
1
1
m1v12i m2 v22i
2
2
1.25 10 6 J 3 105 J

KEbefore

1.55 10 6 J
For perfectly elastic collision:

2.0 10 4 kg m s m1v1 f m2 v2 f
1.55 106 J

1
1
m1v12f m2 v22 f
2
2

v1 f 26.7 m s
v2 f 31.1 m s

Problem Solving for One

Dimensional Collisions

Set up a coordinate axis and define the

velocities with respect to this axis

It is convenient to make your axis coincide

with one of the initial velocities

In your sketch, draw all the velocity

vectors with labels including all the given
information

Sketches for Collision Problems

Draw before and
after sketches
Label each object
include the direction of
velocity
keep track of
subscripts

Sketches for Perfectly

Inelastic Collisions
The objects stick
together
Include all the
velocity directions
The after collision
combines the masses

Problem Solving for One-Dimensional

Collisions.

Write the expressions for the momentum of each object

before and after the collision
Remember to include the appropriate signs
Write an expression for the total momentum before and
after the collision
Remember the momentum of the system is what is
conserved
If the collision is inelastic, solve the momentum equation
for the unknown
Remember, KE is not conserved
If the collision is elastic, you can use the KE equation to
solve for two unknown

Glancing Collisions

For a general collision of two objects in

three-dimensional space, the
conservation of momentum principle
implies that the total momentum of the
system in each direction is conserved
m1v1ix m2 v2ix m1v1 fx m2 v2 fx and
m1v1iy m2 v2iy m1v1 fy m2 v2 fy

Use subscripts for identifying the object, initial

and final, and components

Glancing Collisions

The after velocities have x and y components

Momentum is conserved in the x direction and in

the y direction

Apply separately to each direction

Problem Solving for TwoDimensional Collisions

Set up coordinate axes and define your velocities with

respect to these axes
It is convenient to choose the x axis to coincide with
one of the initial velocities

In your sketch, draw and label all the velocities and

include all the given information

Write expressions for the x and y components of the

momentum of each object before and after the collision

Write expressions for the total momentum before and

after the collision in the x-direction
Repeat for the y-direction

Problem Solving for TwoDimensional Collisions, final

Solve for the unknown quantities

If the collision is inelastic, additional
information is probably required
If the collision is perfectly inelastic, the final
velocities of the two objects is the same
If the collision is elastic, use the KE equations
to help solve for the unknowns

Tugas Group :
Group
:

Holliday:

Giancoli

1&6

9.38

7.04

2&7

9.35

7.17

3&8

9.33

7.20

4&9

9.32

7.27

5&
10

9.30

7.29

Holliday hal : 232 - 233

Giancolli hal : 188 - 189

Ket.

See You Next Week

Prepare :
Torque

Rocket Propulsion

The operation of a rocket depends on the

law of conservation of momentum as
applied to a system, where the system is
the rocket plus its ejected fuel

This is diferent than propulsion on the earth

where two objects exert forces on each other
road on car
train on track

Rocket Propulsion, cont.

The rocket is accelerated as a result of

the thrust of the exhaust gases
This represents the inverse of an inelastic
collision
Momentum is conserved
Kinetic Energy is increased (at the expense of
the stored energy of the rocket fuel)

Rocket Propulsion

The initial mass of the rocket is M + m

M is the mass of the rocket
m is the mass of the fuel

The initial velocity of the rocket is v

Rocket Propulsion

The rockets mass is M

The mass of the fuel, m, has been ejected
The rockets speed has increased to v + v

Koefisien Tumbukan / Restitusi :

v '2 v1'
ev2 v1

0 e 1

Harga e

e = 1 elastis sempurna, sedang e = 0 tak elastis !

Contoh : 1. Sebuah bola dijatuhkan dari ketinggian h1 menumbuk lantai dan
mantul naik setinggi h2.
Hitunglah koef. restitusinya.
Penyelesaian :
Kecepatan bola saat akan menumbuk lantai dapat dihitung dari
h1
teori kinematika, diperoleh :
v1 = (2 gh1)
h2
Kecepatan setelah menumbuk lantai dan mengakibatkan bola naik
setinggi
h2 adalah
v2
v1
v1 = (2 gh2) .

v '2 v1'
ev2 v1

Karena v2 = v2 = 0

v1'
e v1

e-

2 g h2
2 g h1

h2
h1

2. Dua buah bola masing-masing bermassa m1 = 2 kg, m2 = 3 kg bergerak dalam

arah berlawanan dengan kecepatan v1 = 10 m/s dan v2 = 6 m/s. Jika koef. restitusi
e = 0.4. Hitunglah kecepatan masing-masing benda setelah tumbukan dan berapa
energi sistem yang hilang ?.
Hukum kekekalan momentum :
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
2.10 + 3.(-6) = 2 . v1 + 3 v2
2 [kg m/det] = 2 v1 + 3 v2 . . . . . . . .(1)
m1

v1

v '2 v1'
ev2 v1

v2
m2

v1

1,6 [ m/det] = v1 v2 . . . . . . . . . . . (2)

v2
m1

m2

v '2 v1'
0,4 6 10

Dari kedua pers. maka v1 dan v2 dapat diperoleh.

Untuk menghitung energi yang hilang berarti
dihitung energi kinetik sebelum dan setelah
tumbukan.