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International Marketing

15th edition

McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Philip R. Cateora, Mary C. Gilly, and John L. Graham

Copyright 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction
Integrated marketing communications (IMC) are
composed of advertising, sales promotions, trade shows,
personal selling, direct selling, and public relations
All these mutually reinforcing elements of the marketing
mix have as their common objective the successful sale of
a product or service
For most companies, advertising and personal selling are
the major components in the marketing communications
mix
The goal of most companies, large and small, is to achieve
the synergies possible when sales promotions, public
relations efforts, and advertising are used in concert
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Overview

Sales promotions in international markets


International public relations
International advertising
Advertising strategy and goals
The message: creative challenges
Media planning and analysis
Campaign executives and advertising agencies
International control of advertising: broader
issues
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Global Perspective
Barbie Versus Mulan
Integrated marketing communications (IMC)

Advertising
Sales promotions
Trade shows
Personal selling
Direct selling
Public relations

Objective: successful sale of a product or service


Availability of appropriate communication
channels can determine entry decisions
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Sales Promotions
in International Markets
Sales promotions
Marketing activities that stimulate consumer
purchases and improve retailer or middlemen
effectiveness and cooperation
Short-term efforts directed to the consumer or
retailer to achieve specific objectives

In markets with media limitations the


percentage of the promotional budget allocated
to sales promotions may have to be increased
Product sampling
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International
Public Relations
Public relations (PR) is creating good
relationships with the popular press and other
media
To help companies communicate messages to
customers, the general public, and governmental
regulators

Bridgestone/Firestone Tires safety recall


Global workplace standards
Building an international profile
Corporate sponsorships
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International Advertising
1. Perform marketing research
2. Specify the goals of the communication
3. Develop the most effective message(s) for the
market segments selected
4. Select effective media
5. Compose and secure a budget
6. Execute the campaign
7. Evaluate the campaign relative to the goals
specified
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Top 20 Global Advertisers


($ millions)
Exhibit 16.1

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Top 100 Advertisers Global Spending


($ millions)
Exhibit 16.2

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Russias Top Ten Advertisers


($ millions)
Exhibit 16.3a

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Chinas Top Ten Advertisers


($ millions)
Exhibit 16.3b

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Advertising Strategy and Goals


Marketing problems
Require careful marketing research
Thoughtful and creative advertising campaigns
In country, regional, and global markets

Increased need for more sophisticated


advertising strategies
Balance between standardization of advertising
themes and customization
Consumer cultures
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Product Attributes
and Benefit Segmentation
Different cultures usually agree on the benefit of the
primary function of a product or service
Other features and psychological attributes of the
item can have significant differences
Cameras
Yogurt
Almonds

Blue Diamond
Assumes that no two markets will react the same
Each has its own set of differences
Each will require a different marketing approach
and strategy
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Regional Segmentation
Pan-European communications media highlights
need for more standardized promotional efforts
Costs savings with a common theme in uniform
promotional packaging and design
Legal restrictions slowly being eliminated

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Global Advertising
and the Communications Process
If not properly considered, different cultural
contexts can increase the probability of
misunderstandings
Effective communication
Demands the existence of a psychological
overlap between the sender and the receiver

It can never be assumed that if it sells well in


one country, it will sell in another

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The International
Communications Process
Exhibit 16.4

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Legal Constraints

Comparative advertising
Advertising of specific products
Control of advertising on television
Accessibility to broadcast media
Limitations on length and number of
commercials
Internet services
Special taxes that apply to advertising

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Linguistic Limitations
Language is one of the major barriers to effective
communication through advertising
Translation challenges
Low literacy in many countries
Multiple languages within a country
In-country testing with the target consumer
group avoids problems caused by linguistic
differences

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Cultural Diversity
Knowledge of cultural diversity must encompass
the total advertising project
Existing perceptions based on tradition and
heritages are often hard to overcome
Subcultures
Changing traditions

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Media Limitations
and Production and Cost Limitations
Media limitations may diminish the role of
advertising in the promotional program
Examples of production limitations:
Poor-quality printing
Lack of high-grade paper

Low-cost reproduction in small markets poses a


problem in many countries

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Media Planning and Analysis


Tactical Considerations (1 of 2)

Availability
Cost
Coverage
Lack of market data
Newspapers
Magazines
Radio and television
Satellite and cable TV

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Media Planning and Analysis


Tactical Considerations (2 of 2)

Direct mail
The Internet
Social Media
Mobile phone applications
Other media

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Media Penetration
in Selected Countries (% of households)
Exhibit 16.5

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Top Ten Websites


in Three Countries (visitors per month)
Exhibit 16.6

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Social Networking Goes Mobile


(% of Respondents)
Exhibit 16.7

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Social Media Users: Average Time Spent


on Social Media Networking Sites,
October 2009 (hours per user)
Exhibit 16.8

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Campaign Execution
and Advertising Agencies
Managed by advertising agencies
Local domestic agency
Company-owned agency
Multinational agency with local branches

Compensation
Commonly 15 percent throughout the world
Some companies moving to reward-by-results

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Worlds Top Ten


Advertising Agency Organizations
Exhibit 16.9

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International Control
of Advertising Broader Issues

Consumer criticism
Deceptive advertising
Decency and blatant use of sex
Self-regulation
Government regulations

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Summary (1 of 2)
An integrated marketing communications (IMC)
program includes coordination among
advertising, sales management, public relations,
sales promotions, and direct marketing
Currently companies are basing their advertising
strategies on national, subcultural, demographic,
or other market segments
The major problem facing international
advertisers is designing the best messages for
each market served
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Summary (2 of 2)
The availability and quality of advertising media
vary substantially around the world
Advances in communication technologies are
causing dramatic changes in the structure of the
international advertising and communications
industries

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