Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Coconut (Cocos
nucifera)
Palmyra (Borassus
flabellifer)
Nipa (Nypa
fruticans)
Nypa fruticans
8,000 ha of
Philippine Nipa can
potentially supply
96,000,000 L of
bioethanol.
10
12
T or F
Ethanol up to 190 proof (95% strength) can be produced by distillation.
Removal of the last 5% water from an ethanol solution requires complex methods.
Hydrous (water containing) ethanol can be used neat (at 100% rate) in a modified
gasoline engine.
If the ethanol is to be blended with gasoline at any rate, the ethanol must be completely
anhydrous (dry) - 200 proof. Otherwise, separation of the fuels will occur.
https://www.doe.gov.ph/energy-resources-alternative-fuels/biofuels/bioethanol
13
Azeotropic ethanol
gasoline blend
14
15
16
Green Futures
Innovation, Inc.
Bioethanol and cogeneration plant in San Mariano, Isabela
Total cost = Php 6,000,000,000
Utilizes sugarcane from 11,000 ha = 180,822 L/day
Capacity to produce 200,000 liters of anhydrous alcohol per
day
Excess capacity = 19,178 L per day
17
18
Freakonomic
Modeling a Nipa
Biofuels Industry
(rational utility maximization
model)
19
Sweet SorgumSweet
Sorghu
m
Nipa Sap
Process
20
21
Capital Cost
Capital cost per Liter:
GF = 6,000,000/200,000 L = Php 30,000/L
NP = 200,000/57 L = Php 3,508/L
22
Land Utilization
Land requirement per Liter:
GF = 11,000/200,000 = 550 sq m/L of arable land
NP = 1,000/11,400 = 877 sq m/L of mangrove
23
Feedstock
Availability
Sugar cane is seasonal; 7 months to grow
and harvest
Nipa Sap is available year round; each nipa
palm can be tapped for 100 days
24
Process improvements
Increased frequency of pre-treatment (i.e.
beating) of stalks before tapping
Choose Longer stalks
Choose Younger palms
Increased frequency of tapping (2X/day) more
than doubles the yield
25
Process improvements
Increase anaerobic fermentation time
Reflux distillation process
26
27
28
Thank you!
30