Sociology and

Anthropology
Subject Code: SOAN
No. of Units: 3
Course Description: A study of society and culture with
emphasis on the patterns and processes of human
relations, mans development and role in the changes
that occur in the society, and social issues involving
population growth, environment degradation, rural and
urban poverty.

Instructor: MARISOL D. TUSO,MM-ISM/ Holy Child Colleges

of Butuan

Sociology and Anthropology

Syllabus Outline
I. Principles and Foundation of
Sociology and Anthropology
II. The Person and the Society
III. The Social Institutions
IV. Social Changes

Learning Objectives:
Cognitive make the students understand
how society works and how such is affected
by individual and human behavior.
Develop an appreciation of sociology that may
encourage, enabling students to positively
shape and influence practice.

Affective

Encourage
students
to
inculcate in their minds and hearts the
value of good membership within a specific
large scale community.

Learning Objectives:
Psychomotor make the students
apply in reality the various elements
and values in the study of society
and human development.
the role of sociology in exploring social
issues in health and the social worlds of
patients, nurses and other health care
workers.

Why study Sociology and

Anthropology?
As your experience in clinical practice
develops you will come across patients
with a wide range of concerns and from a
diversity of social backgrounds.
For students to demonstrate the practical
relevance of sociology to nursing, and to
explore how sociology may provide them
with exciting new ways with which to
understand the needs of your patients.

Why study Sociology and

Anthropology?
To examine social facets of health
and illness, social function of health
institutions and organizations, the
relationship of health care delivery to
other social systems and social
behavior of health personnel and
consumers of health care.

Why study Sociology and

Anthropology?
To understand relationships between
health phenomena and social factors.
To examine sociological perspective
in medical sociology health, illness
and medical care

Sociology and Anthropology as

a SCIENCE
It is under Social Sciences
which is involves the study of
society, social relations, and
human behavior.
Economics,
Political
Science,
Psychology, Sociology,
Anthropology,
and History

 The other classification of science is

Natural Sciences study phenomena and
processes as well as objects in nature, and
provide systematic information about the
nonhuman and physical aspects of the
natural world.
Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy,
Geology

Anthropology

Anthropology
Who are you?
What makes
you?
What is your
place in this
world?

Anthropology
Etymological Definition
anthropos (Greek) = man
logos (Greek) = study
Essential Definition
Branch of knowledge which deals
with the scientific study of man, his
works, body, behavior and values
within a specific time and space.

Anthropology
scientific
physical, subject to time and space
human evolution
fossils of man
geographical population processes
of change archeological and
prehistoric

Anthropology
mans works, body, behavior
and values
Discovers when, where and
why humans appeared on earth
Why there are variations in
physical features
Ancient customs and practices

Anthropology
Man
Focal point of
anthropologi
cal
investigation
and analysis
Regardless of
color,
affiliation,
belief,
technology

Anthropology
Man
works and
achievements
Arts
Architecture
Technology
Sculpture
Literature
Music
Architecture

Anthropology
How and why man have
changed
How and why societies across
culture and time have different
customary ideas and practices
Belief, politics, religion, social
life, aesthetics, health

Introduction to
Anthropology
Anthropology is the study
of the human species and its
immediate ancestors
Focus: the feature that is
unique to humans the
cultural behavior.

Introduction to
Anthropology

the study of humanity and its

society
It is a scientific study of
humanity, the similarities and
diversity of cultures, and it
attempts
to
present
an
integrated picture of humankind.

Branches of Anthropology

Branches of Anthropology
1. Physical /
biological
Anthropology
The study of human
biological variation in
time and space;
includes evolution,
genetics, growth and
development, and
primatology.

1. Physical / biological
Anthropology
Biology + culture
Paleontology (origin
of man)
Evolution of race
Racial classifications
Racial differentiations
(human genetics)

Branches of Anthropology
2. Cultural Anthropology
Social heritage and customs
Technology
Economic life community
organizations
Family life
Secret societies
Government
Law
Religion
Arts

Branches of Anthropology

Branches of Anthropology
2. Cultural
Anthropology
(subdivisions)
Ethnography
(pure
description of
culture)

Branches of Anthropology
2. Cultural
Anthropology
(subdivisions)
Ethnology
(comparison
of one culture
with another)

Branches of Anthropology
2. Cultural
Anthropolog
y
(subdivision
s)
Ethnology
(comparison
of one
culture with
another)

Branches of Anthropology
2. Cultural Anthropology
(subdivisions)The study of human society and
culture; describes, analyzes,
interprets, explains social and
cultural similarities and
differences.

2. Cultural
Anthropolog
y
(subdivisions
)-- Social
Anthropology
(generalization
s on social life;
enthnology +
ethnography)

Branches of Anthropology
3. Archeology- The study of human
behavior and cultural patterns and
processes through the cultures
material remains.

3. Archeology- Mans prehistoric culture and

society
Fossils (organic)
Artifacts (man made)

Branches of Anthropology
4. Linguistics
The descriptive, comparative, and
historical study of language and of
linguistic similarities and differences
in time, space, & society.

Branches of Anthropology
4. Linguistics
Recorded and
unrecorded
languages
Relationship
between language
and culture

Unifying Themes Linked

with Anthropology
Universalism
All people are fully and
equally human, whether
they belong to indigenous
groups or an urbanized
area.

Unifying Themes Linked

with Anthropology
Integration
Anthropologists view societies
within the context of the larger
world or global perspective so
that the influence of the global
markets on small island societies,
as well as the strategic concerns
of foreign powers, is also studied.

Unifying Themes Linked

with Anthropology
Adaptation
Anthropologists
study
how humans are affected
by their surroundings or
environment and what
adjustments they make.

Unifying Themes Linked

with Anthropology
Holism
It means getting the whole
picture of a phenomenon
and
the
application
of
knowledge from different
fields in order to understand
an aspect of behavior.

Role of medial anthropology

Medical anthropology is the cross
cultural study of medical systems
and the study of bio-ecological and
socio-cultural factors that influence
the incidence of health and disease
now and throughout human history.

Areas where the medical anthropologists do

research

training of medical
human evolution
personnel
Anatomy
medical bureaucracies
hospital organization
Paediatrics
and operations
Epidemiology
the doctor patient
mental health
relationship
drug abuse
process of bringing
definition of health scientific medicine to
users of traditional
and disease
medicine.

 The medical anthropology can be studied as:

bi-polar process whose one pole is biological in
which one studies human growth and
development, role of disease in human evolution
and study of disease of ancient man.
sociocultural pole where one studies traditional
medical systems, illness behaviour, doctor
patient relationship, introduction of western
medicine to traditional societies and in between
this there is epidemiology and cultural ecology.

 Medical anthropology encompasses the

study of medical phenomena as they are
influenced by social and cultural factors
and social and cultural phenomena as
they are influenced by these medical
aspects.
Medical anthropology is concerned with
the biocultural understanding of man and
his works in relation to health and
medicine.

 Medical anthropology studies the

relationship between human
evolution and disease in the past, the
biological and cultural determinants
of disease, health and health care,
the basis and effectiveness of
traditional health care systems and
suggests ways to integrate modern
medicine into traditional societies

 Medical anthropology doesn't study the

relationship of individual person to disease
but studies the relationship between the
biological and cultural characteristics of a
group(ethnic or racial) and its resistance of
susceptibility to various diseases in view of
different genetic constitution.
It also studies the traditional medical
systems but not the modern systems of
medicine.

 It helps to understand the disease

prevalence and susceptibility to the
genetic make-up of a man belonging
to a particular race or ethnicity,
impact of disease on human
evolution and the impact of these
inherent ethnic and racial differences
on the functioning and acceptability
of health care. (8

Sociology

Sociology
Who are the
people around
you?
What is their
story?
How do these
stories affect
Individuals
you? acquire roles, norms and cultures of the
society through the process called socialization.

Sociology
Etymological Definition
socius (Latin) = group /
partners
logos (Greek) = study
sociology coined by August
Comte (French philosopher,
1798-1857)

Essential Definition
Scientific study
of patterns of
human
interaction that
deals with the
study of group
life (Joseph
Fichter).

Sociology
scientific
Body of knowledge of
patterned structure
Utilizes scientific
methodology
Investigates the social world
Inquires how groups are
formed
Determines how groups
affect the individual and
vice versa

Sociology
Human interactions
Social relations
Story of people
Ways toward each other
Social behavior
(and not of the individual)
Changes taking place within society

Introduction to
Sociology
Sociology is the systematic study of
social behavior and human groups.
- the systematic study of human society.
- Latin socius - companion
Focus:
- the influence of social
relationships
on peoples
attitudes
and behavior.
- how societies are established and
change.

Introduction to
Sociology
Sociology perspective - stresses the
powerful role of social groups and
social forces in shaping social behavior
Sociology focuses on: all kinds of
social interactions ( social acts, social
relationships, and social organizations,
& social processes)
Main focus is the group and not the
individuals.

Introduction to
Sociology
Sociology is concerned with the recurrent
and repetitive forms of behavior, attitudes,
beliefs, values, norms, and social institutions
which make up the social order.
Sociologists seek not only the description
but also the explanation of social behavior.
Sociologists
are
interested
in
interactions between people, the way in
which people act toward, respond to, and
influence one another.

Sociological
Imagination

Charles Wright Mills (1959) coined

the term Sociological Imagination.
- It is used to underscore
the relationship between
what is happening in peoples
personal lives and the
social forces that surround
them.

Sociological
Imagination

is a quality of mind, a capacity to

understand the interplay of man and
society, of biography and history, of
self and the world.
It is a mindset that enables the
individuals to examine their own
experience by locating themselves in
the period in which they live and by
studying the events in the society.

Sociological
Imagination

In this way they can better

understand the relationship
between their life and what is
happening in the society, thus
gaining a wider potential freedom
from social pressures.

Emergence of Sociology
and Anthropology
15th 19th Century (Period of discoveries and
explorations)
- the beginning of anthropology
- accounted from Western explorers, missionaries,
soldiers, and colonial officials
Early 19th Century flint tools and artifacts were
discovered in Europe
Edward Tylor the first professor of
anthropology in Oxford, England
Franz Broas the first professor of
anthropology in the United States.

Emergence of Sociology
and Anthropology

ethnographers
1980
approached the study of local
culture.
18th

19th
Century

development of sociology began

in France, pioneered by Henri de
Saint-Simon and Aguste Comte

Emergence of Sociology
and Anthropology
20th century modern anthropology started
pioneered by Edward Tylor, Lewis Morgan,
and Herbert Spencer
Structural functionalism was used by Franz
Broas and Alfred Kroeber.
Other anthropologists followed:
- Bronislaw Malinowski and A.R. Radcliffe
Brown
- Ralph Linton, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret
Mead.

The Development of
Sociology
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
- he believed that a theoretical
science
of
society
and
systematic
investigation
of
behavior
were
needed
to
improve society.
- he
coined
the
term
sociology
- he considered sociology as
the
queen
and
its
practitioners
scientistspriests

The Development of
Sociology
Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)
- offered insightful observations of
the customs and social practices of
native Britain and United States.
- wrote a book Society in America
- conducted a research on the
nature of female employment.

The Development of
Sociology

Herbert
Spencer
(1820-1903)
- applied the concept
of evolution of the
species
to
the
societies in order to
explain
how
they
change over time.
- adapted Darwins
survival of the fittest

The Development of
Sociology

Emile Durkheim (18581917)

- first professor of sociology
in France
- insisted that behavior
must
be
understood
within a larger context,
not just in individualistic
terms.
- interested on anomie
(the loss of direction that a
society feels when social
control of individual behavior
has become ineffective)

The Development of
Sociology

Max Weber (1864)

taught
his
students
about
verstehen
- German word for
understanding or insight
- pointed out that to fully
comprehend behavior, we must
learn the subjective meanings
people attach to their actions
how they view and explain their
behavior
- credited for a key conceptual tool,
the ideal type
Ideal Type is a construct, a made-up
model that serves as a measuring rod
against which actual cases can be
evaluated.
- it was used to study family, religion,
authority,
economic
systems,
&
bureaucracy.

The Development of
Sociology

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

- with Friedrich Engels, attended secret
meetings in London of an illegal coalition
of labor unions, known as the Communist
League.
- they prepared a platform called
Communist Manifesto (an argue that
the masses of people who have no
resources
other
than
labor
or
proletariat should unite to fight for
the overthrow of capitalist societies.)
- examined the industrial societies, he saw
that the factory is the center of conflict
between exploiters and exploited.

Role of Marxist point of view

to the study of health and
illness
Mcknlay, (1985), suggests that under
modern capitalism, medicine like any
other good and service has been modified
medicine has become just another product
which is bought and sold and out of which
significant profits are generated for those who
own the means of production (rich people).
Medical practice is influenced by the activities
of the large pharmaceutical companies

 .It can be argued that drugs are developed and

marketed to medical practitioners not out of a
sense of social responsibility, but as a means
of making profits (huge profits)
i.e. drugs are not manufactured to help in
combating diseases of the poor people but
drugs are developed to generate money.
There is more money made from treating
diseases of rich people than diseases of the
poor people e.g. cancer.
Drugs are discovered and made to make
profits and not to improve health

 There is more money made from treating

diseases of the rich people than diseases of
poor people. (Mcknlay, 1984)
A social class differences in health and illness
behaviour:
The poor are sicker than the affluent. E.g. rich
patients have the necessary means to undergo
expensive methods and techniques of treatment,
while poor cancer patients cannot afford this.
Exploitation of the weaker by the dominant group:
e.g. Race- Whites tend to enjoy better health than
blacks in Malawi. Sexual- There is a higher morbidity
rates among women than men (male exploitation).

 Split in authority between administration and

medical staffing authority generate conflict. Also
extreme division of labour in modern hospitals is
conducive to inter-group antagonism. Examples
between nurses and para-medicals or doctors
Male nurses and clinical officers.
Solo practitioners fighting competing for patients
(compare with the structural functional
perspective).
Health practitioners fighting/ competing for
prestige (insist on education).
Conflict between western medical system and
traditional medicine.

Application to sociology of
health
The various activities seen in the large, complex
organization of a modern hospital can be analyzed
in terms of their contribution to the survival of the
hospital.
Nurse- patient relationship is based on shared
values e.g. health is functional and illness is
dysfunctional. Because of this negative perception
of illness, a patient is assigned to subordinate
position in relation to a nurse, who performs a
positive function in the society. An asymmetrical
balance of power is operative in the system of
nurse and patient.

Modern Developments
of Sociology
Charles
Horton
Cooley
(1864-1929)
preferred
to
use
the
sociological perspective to look
first at smaller units families,
gangs, friendship networks
- increased our understanding
of groups relatively small size

Modern Developments
of Sociology

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

member
of
American
Sociological Society
- with other female sociologists,
they
combined
intellectual
inquiry , social service work, &
political activism to assist the
underprivileged society.

Modern Developments
of Sociology

Robert Merton (1968)

- combined theory and research
- noted different ways in which people attempt to
achieve success in life
- emphasized that sociology should strive to
bring together the macro-level and the
micro-level approaches to the study of
society.
Macrosociology concentrates on large-scale
phenomena or entire civilizations.
Microsociology stresses the study of small groups
& often uses experimental study in laboratories.

Socio-Anthropology
and Other Social Sciences

Socio-Antrhopology
and Other Social Sciences
Psychology
study of processes of the
mind such as perception,
attitudes, values and
their determinants

History
Study of the past events
and their context that
possess social
significance

Socio-Antrhopology
and Other Sciences
Economics
Study of the production,
distribution and allocation
of material goods and
services of the society

Political Science
Studies the ways people
govern themselves
through government
structure and relationships
with other institutions

Forms of Sociology

Areas of Sociology

Areas of Sociology
1. Social organization
study of the various
social institutions,
social groups, social
stratification, social
mobility,
bureaucracy, ethnic
groups and relations.

Areas of Sociology
2. Social Psychology
study of human nature as an
outcome of group life, social
attitudes, collective behavior and
personality formation.

Areas of Sociology
3. Social change and
disorganization
study of change in culture and
social relations and disruptions
that may occur in the society.

Areas of Sociology
4. Human ecology
study of nature and behavior of a
given population as an outcome of
group life, social attitudes,
collective behavior and
personality formation.

Areas of Sociology
5. Population / Demography
study of population number,
composition, change and quality as
they affect the socio-economicpolitical system.

Areas of Sociology
6. Sociological
theory and
method
concerned
with the
applicability of
principles and
theories of
group life to
social
environment.

Areas of Sociology
7. Applied sociology
use of sociological researches in
various fields such as criminology,
social work, community
development and other social
issues.

Areas

Researchable topics

The effects of OFW phenomena to family

K-12 perception and viability among
Fishermen of Laguna
The condition of Filipino nurses
The economics of fashion among college
students
Prostitution among higher education
students
Different culture among colleges

SOCIOLOGY
Focuses on social
processes
Recent social science
Understand way of life,
society culture
Complimented by
anthropological
research
Originated from
Western civilization
(historical)
Method: particular
(sampling)

ANTHROPOLOGY
Focuses on culture
Recent social science
Understand way of
life, society culture
Complimented by
sociological
researches
Originated from
primitive groups
(pre-historic)
Method: generic
(holistic)

Anthropology and
Sociology
Both sciences attempt to understand
way of life as manifested by the
interdependence of society and culture
Sociology zooms in at social process,
whereas, Anthropology focuses on
culture
Anthropological studies are used by
social scientists and vice versa
Thus, both sciences are intimately
related to each otheri.e., humanities.

Methodology of
Sociology and
Anthropology

Scientific
Investigation

Methodology of
Sociology and
Anthropology

Empirical Investigation
Direct experience of the
phenomena
Use of the senses

Methodology of Sociology
and Anthropology
Objectivity
Date must be presented, analyzed
and interpreted independently of
the researchers own beliefs and
value judgments.
What you see and not what you
want to see

Methodology of Sociology
and Anthropology
Ethnical neutrality
Neutral in
interpretation of
ones findings,
without being
influenced by his
value judgment and
convictions about
his own culture.

Methodology of Sociology
and Anthropology
Sociological Imagination(W. Wright
Mills)
Locating oneself in the period of the
society being studied in der to
understand relationships free from
social pressures of his time.

Scientific Investigation

Scientific Investigation

Scientific Investigation

Scientific Investigation

Relevance of Studying
Sociology and
Anthropology

Better
understandi
ng of
culture and
society
Expansion
of our world
perspective

Relevance of Sociology and

Anthropology
Identification of
uniqueness of
ones group
Provide
avenues of
respect and
acceptance

Relevance of Sociology and

Anthropology
Application of SocioAnthropological knowledge to
the production and design of
peoples needs.

 to formulate how these needs be

known to everyone.

What to look at for

Sociological Perspective for
nurses?
The units of analysis in medical sociology are:
the smallest social unit of relationships between
doctor and patient, doctor and nurse and others
organizational unit includes hospitals, medical
associations etc.,
social status which refers to occupational
categories like doctor, nurse etc. and community
and society where neighborhood health center,
public health center and accessibility of primary
health care can be studied.

Significance of Medial
Sociology
Every society has its own definition
of health, illness and disease.
The medical sociology helps in
understanding distribution and
aetiology of disease in the society,
the social and cultural perspective on
disease, roles and attitude towards
treatment.

 Medical sociology contributes to

social aspects of medicine, for e.g.
social factors involved in illness, the
behavior of patients, medical
professionals and other health
workers as well as different types of
medical organizations.

 The contribution of medical sociology is

in two spheres:
Sociology in medicine
The sociology in medicine deals with analysis of
aetiology of health disorders, differences in social
attitude towards health and the recognition of
relation of social variables like sex and age to the
incidence of a specific health disorder.
So, this is a type of applied research motivated
by a medical problem rather than a sociological
problem.

- Sociology of medicine
- The sociology of medicine deals with organization's
role, relationships, norms, values and beliefs of
medical practice as a form of human behavior.
- The social processes that occur in a medical setting
are studied.
- Sociology of medicine is research and analysis of
medical environment from a sociological perspective.

medical sociology covers the

following aspects of public
health:
Social determinants and distribution of
disease
attitudes and behavior of individuals and also
individuals in group settings towards health
and illness and this in turn decides their
concept of health and illness, health seeking
behavior and their level of acceptance
towards modern form of medicine, their
perceived health needs and their acceptance
or rejection of various health programs.

medical sociology covers the

following aspects of public
health:
It also studies the social environment of
medicine and helps to design the
curricula of trainings for health personnel.
it also studies the relationship between
health provider and consumer, and thus
decides the preference of consumer for a
particular type of service as well as
compliance of the consumer to the
physician's advice.

medical sociology covers the following aspects of

public health:

It studies the medical organizations

in structural and functional manner.

 Medical sociology helps to

understand the various factors
related with a healthy or ill person
and not the disease process itself
and its specific aetiology. Thus, its
contribution is more towards
understanding the problem from a
preventive and promotive aspect.

 Sociology can help nurses to achieve

their primary objectives of good
patient care.
As nursing and sociology are both
concerned with people and their
interactions, it s likely that the theories
(or material) developed in either
discipline of nursing or sociology will
provide insight for the other .e.g.
sociolisation, deviance, family etc.

 A study of sociology will help a nurse

to gain insight into factors in the
culture and social background of
patients and various groups in the
society which have a direct bearing on
the health and welfare of the people
in the community to whom she/he
must render a service. This knowledge
will help her to serve more effectively.

 Knowledge of sociology will help

nurses in their process of professional
socialization, especially in the area of
nurse-patient relationship for the
successful interaction and outcomes
they will have to be sensitive to
patients social and emotional needs
in addition to their technical
(medical) competence.

 The delivery of heath care is

essentially a social activity, gaining
an understanding of the social
processes involved would improve
nurses social interaction with
colleagues and all those with whom
she deals with in her course of work.

 Sociological understanding should

help a nurse appreciate why people
respond differently to their
symptoms of illness and why
differences exist between individuals
and groups in relations to health and
illness

 The study of social factors in the etiology

of disease plays a significant role in
causing a wide range of diseases.
Some illnesses may be socially induced
and can therefore be most effectively
treated or prevented by action based on
the understanding of cultural patterns and
social actions of the people and not only
on knowledge of drugs and human biology

Sociology as a behavioral
science
Behavioural science courses provide
some knowledge that helps us to
understand the human patterns in relation to
health and illness.
Why health or illness is promoted or complicated
by the type of food we eat
Why we accept or refuse family planning
Who determines when and where a sick person
should seek medical help ( whether from hospital
or traditional healer)
Why TB is common in overclouded communities.

Sociological Imagination
Society as a whole
Illness is a very private trouble, and yet
a very public issue, not least because of
the social causes of much ill health and
premature death. The individual dying of
lung cancer faces a very personal
tragedy, and yet this is also a public
matter as the recent debates on tobacco
advertising and sponsorship have
emphasized.

 The way society is organized

For sociologists, the experience of
sickness and disease is an outcome of
the organization of the society. Poor
living and working conditions make
people sicker and poorer people die
earlier than their counterparts at the top
of the social system.

 Historical perspective
The sociological imagination is historical in
that it allows us to understand the
distinctive nature of our present society by
comparing it with the past e.g. sociologists
can study how historical changes in patterns
of social life can explain changes in patterns
of illness. Sociology provides a window to
the social world that lies outside us. It allows
us to see the many social forces that shape
our lives

Unity amidst diversity

 References:
Role of Medical Sociology and
Anthropology in Public Health and Health
System Development.
file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/742725954-1-PB.pdf
Basic Studies in Nursing: Sociology
file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/sociology140525122801-phpapp02.pdfInset,2012.

QUIZ