TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

MAY ALL THE BLESSING OF GOD BE UPON ALL

OF YOU.. AND SUCCESS ALWAYS!!!!!!!

YUS – 8 OGOS 1986

ZAKI – 9 AUGUST 1984
CASSEY – 12 AUGUST 1986
MALA – 13 AUGUST 1985
COKIES – 17 AUGUST 1986
CHAPTER 3:
API/PEQ – 24 AUGUST 1986 Microbiology
Environmental

ZAI/ZYE – 26 AUGUST 1985 © SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
 TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 5 :

CHAPTER 3:
Water Quality Parameters Environmental Microbiology

© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
 TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 5 :

CHAPTER 3:
Water Quality Parameters Environmental Microbiology

© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
 Menu
a) Suspended
Solids
b) Turbidity
c) Odour
1) Introduction d) Taste
e) Temperature
2) Physical
3) Chemical
a) TDS
b) Alkalinity
4) Biological c) Hardness
d) Fluoride
5) WQI e) Metals
f) Nutrients
a) Microorganisms

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Introduction

• To illustrate the quality

of a tested water
qualitatively and
quantitatively.

• Can be divided into

three types:
■ physical
■ chemical
■ biological

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Suspended Solid
a. Suspended solid – measured in mg/L

• Sources (s):
i) inorganic compounds such as clay, sand
ii) organic compounds such plant fibre, human waste

• Effects (s):
i) Aesthetics
ii) Adsorption point/centre for chemical and micro-
organism
iii) Health aspect

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Turbidity
b. Turbidity
• Source (s):
i) same as in (a)

• effect (s):
i) same as in (b)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Odour
c. Odour and taste
• Source (s):
i) inorganic compounds such as minerals,metals, salts,
ii) organic compound from petroleum and/or
degradation of organic matter
• Effect(s):
i) aesthetic
ii) health problems [reaction from sources and other
chemicals such as chlorine (Cl)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Taste

c. Odour and taste

• Source (s):
i) inorganic compounds such as
ii) organic compound from
• effect(s):
i) aesthetic
ii) health problems [reaction from sources and
other chemicals such as chlorine (Cl)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Temperature

d. Temperature
– measured in 0C or 0F
• source (s):
i) effect from ambience
ii) industrial activities – cooling system

• Effect (s):
i) disturb biological activities
ii) chemical properties such as

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
a. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
– solid left in water after the water is filtered and dried.

• Source (s):
i) inorganic compounds
ii) organic compounds

• Effect (s):
i) cause taste, colour and odour problems
ii) health aspect
iii) small amount of TDS – water becomes corrosive to attain
equilibrium

measured in either mg/L (organic + inorganic) or mS/m* [milisiemens

per meter – measuring unit for conductivity (the potential of water
allowing electric current to flow in it)]
only measure compounds that produce ion (when it is added to water)
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 Alkalinity
b. Alkalinity

• The quantity of ions in water to neutralize acid or a measure of water

strength to neutralize acid.

• Main constituents are bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonate (CO32- ), and

hydroxide (OH-) ions.

• Source (s):
i) mineral dissolved in water and air
ii) human activities such as

• Effect (s):
i) non pleasant taste
ii) reaction between alkaline constituent and cation (positive ion)
produces precipitation in pipe.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Hardness
c. Hardness

• Measure of “multivalent” cations in water such as Ca2+ ,

Mg2+ , Fe2+ , Mn3+
• Ca2+ and Mn2+ are very important

• Source (s):
i) natural mineral on earth

• effect (s):
i) excessive soap usage (a waste !)
ii) precipitate form on hardware
iii)precipitate in pipe – temperature and pH increased

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Hardness

• Two kinds of hardness:

i) carbonate hardness
ii) non-carbonate hardness

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Hardness
Carbonate hardness Non-carbonate hardness

1. temporary in character 1. permanent in character

e.g. Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2 e.g. CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2,
MgSO4

2. precipitated through 2. eliminated through

boiling chemical softness methods
and/or ion exchange

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Fluoride
d. Fluoride
• Source (s):
i) minerals

• Effect (s):
i) not good for health if it is taken in high
concentration
ii) concentration of 1 mg/L is good for the
growth of children teeth
iii) excessive concentration – color on teeth
and problem in bone growth

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Metals - Introduction
e. Metals – non toxic and toxic

• non – toxic - Ca2+, Mn2+, Na+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Cu2+, Zn2+

dangerous for health if the concentration is high

• Source (s):
i) minerals, readily available from nature

• Effect (s):
i) color, odour, taste and turbidity
ii) deteriorate health (at high concentration)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Metals - Toxic

• Toxic – As2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Cr2+, Pb2+, Hg2+

stored up in food chain

• Source (s):
i) human activities such as mining and industries

• Effect (s):
i) dangerous disease such as cancer, abortion and
deformation in newborn baby
ii) organic and inorganic compounds

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Nutrients

g. Nutrients

• crucial elements needed by animals and

plants to live
• important elements – C, N, P
• C – easily obtained from CO2, degradation
of organic compounds
• N, P – limiting factors

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Nutrient - Nitrogen

Nitrogen (N)

• Source (s):
i) elements for protein, chlorophyll and biological compounds
ii) decomposition to a simple compound
……………………………………………………….
iii) animals and human wastes, chemicals (fertilizers)

• effect (s):
i) NO3- poisoning in human and animals babies & human below than 6
month old)
■ NO3- > NO2- (in acidic condition) – will substitute O2 in blood
vessel
■ Babies algae breeding and aquatic plants
ii) Excessive algae breeding and aquatic plants

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Nutrient – Phosphorus (P)

Phosphorus (P)

• exist in a form of “orthophosphate”, “condensed phosphate”, and

“organic phosphate”.
• Source (s):
i) readily present in soil
ii) fertilizers
iii) human wastes (“organic phosphate”)
iv) domestic wastes (element in detergent)

• effects (s)
i) algae breeding and aquatic plants
ii) >0.2 mg/L – disturb coagulation processes in water treatment
plants

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Biological

• microorganism that bring diseases are called

“pathogen”. Their quantities are very small
compared to other microorganisms.

• The experiments to determine the presence of all

pathogens takes a long time and very expensive.
It is only carried out for very specific cases

• The presence of pathogenic microorganism is

shown by indicator microorganism

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Biological
• Pathogenic microorganisms

• Indicator microorganism

• Their presence shows that pollution has occurred and suggests the TYPE and LEVEL
of pollution.

• Indicator microorganism properties:

– Can be used for all types of water
– Always present when pathogen is present
– Always absent when pathogen is absent
– Easily experimented and give reliable results

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Biological
• Typical indicators
used are coliform
group

i) Coliform group:
■ fecal coliform e.g.
E.Coli
■ Total coliform e.g.
fecal coliform, soil
coliform and others

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Water Quality Index (WQI)

• Relates a group of water quality parameters

to a common scale and combines them into
a single number in accordance with a
chosen method or model of computation.
• Preliminary means of assessment of a water
body for compliance with the standards
adopted for five designated classes of
beneficial uses.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 WQI Formula

• The parameters chosen for the WQI

based on the DoE's formula are:
1. DO,
2. BOD,
3. COD,
4. SS,
5. AN and
6. pH.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Water Quality Index (WQI)
• The formula used in the calculation of the DOE's WQI is :
WQI = 0.22*SIDO + 0.19*SIBOD + 0.16*SICOD +
0.15*SIAN +0.16*SISS + 0.12*SIpH

where SI is the subindex of each parameter.

DO - Dissolve Oxyge
BOD - Biological Oxygen Deman
COD - Chemical Oxygen Deman
AN - Ammoniacal Nitrogen
SS - Suspended Solid
pH - Acidity/Alkalinity
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Water Quality Index (WQI)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 THANK YOUR FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT