Versi 2013 by: UQ

Disease
Progress
Penyakit
pada Tumbuhan, biasanya:
starts out at a low level,
becomes of concern to
us only when its
incidence and severity
increases with time.

Phytophthora blight of cucurbit

tidak hanya mengamati kemunculan (incidence) atau keparahan

(severity) sejak titik 0 (nol) yang kemudian meningkat secara
dramatik, tapi juga bisa mengamati pola perkembangan yang
mencolok sejalan dengan waktu.

Contoh disease progress :

Phytophthora blight of pepper seedlings

Perkembangan penyakit (disease progress ) cenderung linier

(dengan sedikit deviasi yang kita anggap sebagai random error)

Fusarium kernel rot

(busuk bulir) pada
jagung

Bean rust (karat biji)

Di pihak lain, pada karat biji (Uromyces phaseoli) dan bercak abuabu pada daun jagung (Cercospora zeae-maydis), terdapat kurva
meningkat terbatas (definite upward curve): dimana penyakit
meningkat dengan laju yang meningkat pula. Kurvanya disebut
exponential.

Grey leafspot of
maize

Disease Progress
Penyakit tumbuhan tidak dapat terus meningkat. Bila
sudah mencapai level of disease mendekati 100%,
maka kurva disease progress mendatar (flatten) secara
bertahap.
Contoh: pada epidemi dari infeksi Sclerotium rolfsii pada
kacang atau infeksi pada tanaman tembakau oleh
Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, disease
progress mulai secara linier tetapi melambat ketika
mendekati titik maksimum.

Sclerotium rolfsii on beans

Black shank on tobacco

Disease Progress
Demikian juga, kurva disease progress dari Puccinia
graminis subsp. graminicola pada rye grass dan
Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres pada barley pada
awalnya exponential, tapi ketika tingkat keparahan
mendekati 100%, laju disease progress melambat
secara bertahap hinga mencapai 0 (zero) sehingga
membentuk kurva bentuk sigmoid (bentuk S)

Black stem rust on ryegrass

Net blotch on barley

To be sure, not all examples of

disease progress can be as neatly
categorized as these, but in general
plant disease epidemics tend to be
either roughly linear or exponential in
the early stages, and they tend to
level off as they approach some limit.

 Dampak penyakit tumbuhan dan kerusakan

yang ditimbulkan merupakan fungsi dari
disease progress.
Untuk menekan dampaknya perlu
mengeliminasi penyakitnya, dengan cara
mempertahankan perkembangan penyakit
tersebut di bawah level yang diijinkan.
Artinya, disease progress dan faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhinya harus dipahami
sebagai istilah kuantitatif (quantitative terms)
saja.

1.what kinds of diseases lead

to linear disease progress and
what factors affect the slope
of the line (the rate of disease
progress).

2. what kinds of diseases tend to produce exponential

disease progress curves and how we can reduce both
the starting level of disease and the rate of epidemic
development.
3. why epidemics sometimes level off and what imposes
limits to their development.

The Cyclical Nature of Plant

Disease

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Patogen berkembang dalam tubuh

inang

dan

mulai

memproduksi

inokulum baru yang pada saatnya

akan/dapat disebarkan ke tempat
lain yang rentan dan memulai infeksi
barunya.

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Pada iklim temperate hanya ada 1 siklus

tumbuh (crop cycle) per tahun, sehingga istilah
"monocyclic" dan "polycyclic" didasarkan pada
jumlah siklusnya per tahun.
Namun, pada iklim tropik atau subtropik, dapat
ada lebih dari 1 crop cycle per tahun, dan
penting diingat bahwa "monocyclic" and
"polycyclic" didasarkan pada crop cycle tunggal.
Istilah yang sama juga dipakai untuk
mendeskripsi epidemik dan juga patogen.
Sehinga, kita sering mengucapkan sebagai
"monocyclic epidemic" atau "polycyclic
epidemic".

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Change

: often increase -- a dynamic process

Disease

: dealing with diseases, not just the

pathogen (or plant/crop)

Host

: Organism infected (or potentially

infected) by another organism

Population : a population phenomenon

Time and space : two physical dimensions
of interest.

Epidemiology:
Study of epidemics.
Science of disease in populations.
Ecology of disease.
Study of the spread of diseases, in space and
time,
with the objective to trace factors that are
responsible for, or contribute to, epidemic
occurrence.
The science of populations of pathogens in
populations of host plants, and the diseases
resulting therefrom under the influence of
the environment and human interferences.

All plant diseases result from a threeway interaction between the host, the
pathogen and the environment.
2

An epidemic develops if all three of

these factors are favourable to disease
development.

Therefore, disease can be controlled

by manipulating one or more of
these factors so that conditions are
unsuitable for replication, survival or
infection by the pathogen.

Since the beginning of agriculture, generations

of farmers have been evolving practices for
combating the various plagues suffered by our
crops. Following our discovery of the causes of
plant diseases in the early nineteenth century,
our growing understanding of the interactions of
pathogen and host has enabled us to develop a
wide array of measures for the control of specific
plant diseases.

From this accumulated knowledge

base, we can distill some general
principles of plant disease control
that can help us address the
management of new problems on
whatever crop in any environment.

H. H. Whetzel (1929) introduced

"traditional
principles
of
plant
diseases control

Traditional Principles of Plant Disease Control

Avoidanceprevent disease by selecting a time of the year or
a site where there is no inoculum or where the environment is
not favorable for infection.
Exclusionprevent the introduction of inoculum.
Eradicationeliminate, destroy, or inactivate the inoculum.
Protectionprevent infection by means of a toxicant or some
other barrier to infection.
Resistanceutilize cultivars that are resistant to or tolerant of
infection.
Therapycure plants that are already infected.

While these principles are as valid today as

they were in 1929, in the context of modern
concepts of plant disease management, they
have some critical shortcomings.
1. these principles are stated in absolute terms
(e.g., "exclude", "prevent", and "eliminate") that
imply a goal of zero disease. Instead of plant
disease control, we need to think in terms of
plant disease management.

2. the traditional principles of plant

disease control do not take into
consideration the dynamics of plant
disease, that is, the changes in the
incidence and severity of disease in time
and space. (See: Disease Progress.)

3. considering that different diseases

differ in their dynamics, they do not
indicate the relative effectiveness of the
various tactics for the control of a
particular disease. They also fail to show
how the different disease control
measures interact in their effects on
disease dynamics.

4. the traditional principles of plant

disease control tend to emphasize
tactics without fitting them into an
adequate overall strategy.

The Epidemiological Basis of Disease

Management
Plant disease epidemics can be classified into two basic types,
monocyclic and polycyclic, depending on the number of
infection cycles per crop cycle. (See: The Cyclical Nature of
Plant Disease.)

The early stages of a monocyclic epidemic can be

described quite well by a linear model, while the early
stages of a polycyclic epidemic can be described with an
exponential model. Since we are concerned with keeping
disease levels well below 100%, there is no need to
adjust the models for approaching the upper limit, and
we can use the simple linear and exponential models to
plan strategies:

Examining these models, we can see that in both there are

three ways in which we can reduce x at any point in the
epidemic:

1. Reduce the initial inoculum (Q in the

monocyclic model and xo in the polycyclic
model). (Actually xo is the initial incidence of
disease, which is proportional to the initial
inoculum.)
2. Reduce the rate of infection (R in the
monocyclic model and r in the polycyclic
model)
3. Reduce the duration of the epidemic (the time,
t, at the end of the epidemic)

These can be used as three major

strategies for managing plant disease
epidemics, and we can organize our
plant disease control tactics under one
or more of these overall strategies.
Furthermore, by means of the model we
can assess the quantitative impact of
each strategy, not only by itself, but in
its interaction with others.

The monocyclic
model

It is clear from the above model of a monocyclic

epidemic that Q, R, and t have equal weight in
their effect on x. A reduction in the initial
inoculum or the rate of infection will result in a
reduction in the level of disease by the same
proportion at any time, t, throughout the epidemic.
If t can be reduced (for example, by shortening the
season), disease will be reduced proportionately.

The polycyclic
model
If r is very high, the apparent
effect of reducing xo is to delay
the epidemic.
If r is very high, xo must be reduced to very low
levels to have a significant effect on the
epidemic.
Reducing r has a relatively greater effect on
the epidemic than reducing xo.
Reducing xo makes good strategic sense only
if r is low or if r is also being reduced.

The Traditional Principles Revisited

To make the conceptual leap from disease
control to disease management, the
traditional principles can be modified by
fitting them as tactics within each of the three
major disease management strategies and
by slightly changing the wording to reflect the
quantitative impact of the action rather than
an absolute effect:

Versi 2012 by: UQ

PRINSIP PENGELOLAAN PENYAKIT

TUMBUHAN
Pada prinsipnya, untuk mengelola penyakit tumbuhan
ada strategi dan ada taktik yang dapat digunakan.
Taktik dipakai untuk mencapai tujuan berdasar strategi
yang dicanangkan.
Secara umum, ada tiga strategi yang dapat dilakukan
untuk pengendalian penyakit tumbuhan yaitu :
(1) strategi untuk mengurangi inokulum awal,
(2) strategi untuk mengurangi laju infeksi, dan
(3) strategi untuk mengurangi lamanya epidemi.

Sedangkan taktik pada prinsipnya ada enam, yaitu

avoidan, ekslusi, eradikasi, proteksi, resistensi, dan
terapi.

Tactics for the Reduction of Initial Inoculum

Avoidancereduce the level of disease by selecting a
season or a site where the amount of inoculum is low or
where the environment is unfavorable for infection
Exclusionreduce the amount of initial inoculum
introduced from outside sources
Eradicationreduce the production of initial inoculum by
destroying or inactivating the sources of initial inoculum
(sanitation, removal of reservoirs of inoculum, removal of
alternate hosts, etc.)
Protectionreduce the level of initial infection by means of
a toxicant or other barrier to infection
Resistanceuse cultivars that are resistant to infection,
particularly the initial infection
Therapyuse thermotherapy, chemotherapy and/or
meristem culture to produce certified seed or vegetative
planting stock

Tactics for the Reduction of

the Infection Rate
Avoidancereduce the rate of production of inoculum, the
rate of infection, or the rate of development of the pathogen
by selecting a season or a site where the environment is not
favorable
Exclusionreduce the introduction of inoculum from external
sources during the course of the epidemic
Eradicationreduce the rate of inoculum production during
the course of the epidemic by destroying or inactivating the
sources of inoculum (roguing)
Protectionreduce the rate of infection by means of a
toxicant or some other barrier to infection
Resistanceplant cultivars that can reduce the rate of
inoculum production, the rate of infection, or the rate of
pathogen development
Therapycure the plants that are already infected or reduce
their production of inoculum

Tactics for the Reduction of the Duration

of the Epidemic
Avoidanceplant early maturing cultivars or plant at
a time that favors rapid maturation of the crop
Exclusiondelay the introduction of inoculum from
external sources by means of plant quarantine

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN

STRATEGI

MENGURANGI INOKULUM AWAL

MENGURANGI LAJU INFEKSI

TAKTIK
AVOIDAN

Waktu tanam, lahan, lingkungan yg tak cocok untuk

patogen

EKSLUSI

Mengurangi jumlah inokulum awal yang berasal dari

luar lahan

ERADIKASI

Sanitasi, buang sumber inokulum, musnahkan inang

antara, dsb.

PROTEKSI

Aplikasi fungisida, atau buat penghalang infeksi pd

tanaman

RESISTEN

Kultivar yang tahan terhadap infeksi inokulum awal

TERAPI

Terapi panas, kimia, benih / bag. tan. vegetativ bebas

penyakit

AVOIDAN

Laju dikurangi dg waktu tanam, lahan, lingkungan yg

tak cocok

EKSLUSI

Kurangi masuknya inokulum selama terjadinya

epidemi

ERADIKASI

Tebang, pangkas, musnahkan inokulum saat

terjadinya epidemi

PROTEKSI

Kurangi laju infeksi dengan fungisida atau

penghalang lain

RESISTEN

Kultivar yang mengurangi laju infeksi/perkemb.patogen/inokulum

TERAPI

MENGURANGI LAMANYA EPIDEMI

Sembuhkan tanaman yang telah terinfeksi

AVOIDAN

Tanaman cepat dewasa agar terhindar dari infeksi

EKSLUSI

Hambat introduksi inokulum dari luar dengan

karantina

Peranan pengendalian
terhadap penyakit tumbuhan
Ditujukan untuk mencegah atau mengurangi
terjadinya penyakit sehingga tanaman dapat
memberikan hasil yang menguntungkan.
Usaha ini biasanya ditujukan terhadap tanaman
sebagai populasi dan tidak terhadap tanaman
sebagai individu.
Kebanyakan dari usaha pengendalian penyakit
memerlukan perpaduan dari berbagai cara.

Cara pendekatan
pendekatan terhadap tanaman
pendekatan yang ditujukan terhadap
penyebab penyakit tertentu
Terintegrasi ke dalam
METODA PENGENDALIAN

Penghindaran patogen

Pemilihan daerah pertanian.

Pemilihan waktu tanam.
Penggunaan benih yang bebas penyakit.

Eksklusi patogen

Perawatan bahan tanaman.

Karantina tumbuhan.
Pembasmian serangga vektor.

Eradikasi patogen

Pergiliran tanam.
Membuang atau menghancurkan tanaman
atau bagian tanaman yang terserang.
Perlakuan tanah.

Perlindungan tanaman

Pengendalian serangga pembawa

patogen.
Mengubah keadaan lingkungan.
Mengubah keadaan zat hara.

Mengembangkan tanaman yang

resisten

Resistensi fisiologis
Resistensi mekanis
Resistensi fungsional
Resistensi oleh Khemoterapi

a.

Resistensi fisiologis yang biasanya didasarkan

kepada adanya zat di dalam protoplasma yang
menghambat
infeksi
patogen
dan
perkembangannya lebih lanjut di dalam tanaman.

b. Resistensi mekanis yang berhubungan dengan

struktur atau morfologi dari bagian-bagian
tanaman tertentu meliputi sifat karakteristik yang
dipunyai oleh tanaman yang menyulitkan patogen
mengadakan kontak secara langsung dengan
bagian yang akan diinfeksinya seperti adanya
lapisan kutikula atau lapisan gabus yang tebal.

c. Resistensi fungsional yang berhubungan dengan

waktu penutupan stomata.
d. Resistensi oleh Khemoterapi dimana terdapat
kemungkinan mengubah ketahanan terhadap
patogen yang terdapat dalam protoplasma dengan
pemberian senyawa kimia pada tanaman. Pada
umumnya cara tersebut memperlambat atau
mengurangi timbulnya penyakit.

Metode pengendalian
1. Regulatory
2. Cultural
3. Biological
4. Physical
5. Chemical

Regulatory control
Menangkal suatu patogen dari
suatu inang atau dari suatu area
geografis tertentu

Regulatory Control

Cultural control
Mengusahakan tanaman terhindar dari
kontak dengan patogen, mengusahakan
kondisi lingkungan tidak menguntungkan
bagi patogen dan melenyapkan atau
mengurangi jumlah patogen pada suatu
tanaman, lahan atau wilayah

Biological control

Meningkatkan resistensi inang atau

menciptakan kondisi yang menguntungkan
bagi mikroorganisma antagonistik bagi
patogen

Physical and chemical control

Melindungi tanaman dari inokulum patogen

yang sudah ada atau akan ada, atau
mengobati suatu infeksi yang sudah/sedang
berlangsung

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN

STRATEGI

y
r
o

t
a
l
u l
g
Re tro
n
o
c

MENGURANGI
INOKULUM AWAL

l
a
r
tu
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u
C
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o
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n
co

MENGURANGI LAJU
INFEKSI

MENGURANGI LAMANYA
EPIDEMI

TAKTIK

Bio
con logi
tro cal
l

AVOIDAN
EKSLUSI

ERADIKASI
PROTEKSI
RESISTEN
TERAPI
AVOIDAN
EKSLUSI
ERADIKASI
PROTEKSI
RESISTEN
TERAPI
AVOIDAN
EKSLUSI

PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT
TUMBUHAN SECARA KIMIAWI

pestisida

PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NO. 7

TAHUN 1973
Untuk melindungi keselamatan manusia
dan sumber-sumber kekayaan alam
khususnya kekayaan alam hayati, dan
supaya pestisida dapat digunakan efektif,
maka peredaran, penyimpanan dan
penggunaan pestisida diatur dengan
Peraturan Pemerintah No. 7 Tahun 1973.
Dalam peraturan tersebut antara lain
ditentukan bahwa:

 tiap pestisida harus didaftarkan kepada Menteri

Pertanian melalui Komisi Pestisida untuk dimintakan
izin penggunaannya
hanya pestisida yang penggunaannya terdaftar dan
atau diizinkan oleh Menteri Pertanian boleh disimpan,
diedarkan dan digunakan
pestisida yang penggunaannya terdaftar dan atau
diizinkan oleh Menteri Pertanian hanya boleh
disimpan, diedarkan dan digunakan menurut
ketentuan-ketentuan yang ditetapkan dalam izin
pestisida itu
tiap pestisida harus diberi label dalam bahasa
Indonesia yang berisi keterangan-keterangan yang
dimaksud dalam surat Keputusan Menteri Pertanian
No. 429/ Kpts/Mm/1/1973 dan sesuai dengan
ketentuan-ketentuan yang ditetapkan dalam
pendaftaran dan izin masing-masing pestisida.

What is a fungicide?
Fungicides are pesticides that specifically kill
fungi or inhibit fungal development
About 40 different classes of fungicides used for
plant protection
Classes are based on target site and
biochemical mode of action

Multi-site

Site-specific

Systemicity
Non-systemic

Do not penetrate into plant

Redistribute on plant surfaces
Multi-site inhibitors
Kills spores/inhibits
germination
Protectant only
Broad spectrum

Systemic

Penetrate into plant

Redistribute on & within plants
Single-site inhibitors
Inhibits spore germination and
or mycelial growth
Protectant and curative
Selective

Non-systemics
Mimimal redistribution from
the point of deposition
Works by contact with the
fungus
Adequate coverage is
essential
On the cuticle
Redistributed washed off by
water
EBDCs, Chlorothalanil, etc.

Systemics
Local Systemic
Local redistribution
from the point of
deposition
On the cuticle
Through the leaf
(translaminar)
Extent is variable

Systemics
Limited systemic
(acropetal penetrant)
Good movement from
the point of application
Through tissues
Inside the vasculature
Bulk movement
DMIs, Phenylamides

Systemics
True Systemics
(Basipetal penetrant)
Only one fungcide
Fosetyl-Al
Moves through plant
Down into roots
Good against soilborne oomycetes

Single Site v. Multi-site

Systemic v. non-Systemic

Non-systemic/Multi-Site

Protectant only
Can wash off
Shorter application intervals
Broad spectrum
Low Risk of Resistance

Systemic/Single Site

Protectant and curative

Less prone to washing off
Longer application intervals
Selective
High Risk of Resistance

Pola Laku Kimiawi pada

Pengendalian Penyakit Tanaman
Biological mode of action
Aksi Fungisida dapat diekspresikan melalui
salah satu dari dua cara ekspresi fisik
Penghambatan perkecambahan
spora.
Penghambatan pertmbuhan jamur.

Physiological mode of action

Apa yang terjadi pada tingkatan
seluler shg dapat menyebabkan
pengaruh visibel pada
perkecambahan spora dan
pertumbuhan jamur?

Mengapa perlu mengenali pola laku

fungisida secara fisiologis?
For resistance management
and preservation of fungicide
effectiveness.
Untreated
Treated

The physiological mode of

action
Fungicides are metabolic inhibitors and
their modes of action can be classified into
four broad groups.
Inhibitors of electron transport chain.
Inhibitors of enzymes.
Inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism and
protein synthesis.
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis.

A typical cell and cell components

Electron transport chain

Enzymes
Nucleic acid metabolism
and protein synthesis
Sterol synthesis

Inhibition of electron transport chain

(Respiration in mitochondria)
Sulfur
Disrupts electron transport along the
cytochromes
Strobilurins (azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl,
pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin)
Inhibit mitochondrial respiration, blocking the
cytochrome bc1 complex.

Discovery and Synthesis from

Natural Products

Strobilurus tenacellus

Oudemansiella mucida

Myxococcus fulvus

Synthesis from Natural Products

O
O

O
O

Strobilurin A

Oudemansin A
O

O
O

N
O
CN

Enol ether stilbene

O
O

O
O

Enol Ether Group

Oxime Ether Group

Inhibition of enzymes
Copper
Nonspecific denaturation of proteins and
enzymes.
Dithiocarbamates (maneb, manzate, dithane, etc)
Inactivate SH groups in amino acids, proteins
and enzymes.
Substituted aromatics (chlorothalonil, PCNB)
Inactivate amino acids, proteins and enzymes
by combining with amino and thiol groups.
Organophosphonate (fosetyl-Al)
Disrupts amino acid metabolism.

Inhibition of nucleic acid metabolism

and protein synthesis
Benzimidazoles (thiophanate-methyl)
Inhibit DNA synthesis (nuclear division).
Phenylamides (mefenoxam)
Inhibits RNA synthesis.
Dicarboximides (iprodione, vinclozolin)
Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis, cell division
and cellular metabolism.

Inhibition of sterol synthesis

(Inhibit demethylation of ergosterol)
Ergosterol is the major sterol in most fungi.
It is essential for membrane structure and function.

Sterol inhibiting fungicides

Imidazoles (imazalil)
Triazoles (propiconazole, myclobutanil,
tebuconazole, triflumazole)
Morpholines (dimethomorph)
Inhibits sterol production at different site than
imidazoles and triazoles. Affects cell wall
production.

Biological control of plant

pathogens
Christine Roath

Overview
What is biological control, what are the
benefits to its use
Mechanism of biological control
Requirements of successful biocontrol
Working example of biocontrol

What is biological control?

First coined by Harry Smith in relation to
the biological control of insects
Suppression of insect populations by native or
introduced enemies

Generic terms
A population-leveling process in which the
population of one species lowers the number
of another

Why use biological control?

WHEN :
Biological control agents are
Expensive
Labor intensive
Host specific

WHILE :
Chemical pesticides are:
cost-effective
easy to apply
Broad spectrum

Why use biological control?

WILL:
Chemical pesticides
Implicated in ecological, environmental, and human health
problems
Require yearly treatments
Broad spectrum
Toxic to both beneficial and pathogenic species

BUT:
Biological control agents

Non-toxic to human
Not a water contaminant concern
Once colonized may last for years
Host specific
Only effect one or few species

Mechanisms of biological control of plant

pathogens
Antibiosis inhibition of one organism by
another as a result of diffusion of an
antibiotic
Antibiotic production common in soil-dwelling
bacteria and fungi
Example: zwittermicin A production by B.
cereus against Phytophthora root rot in alfalfa

Mechanisms of biological control of

plant pathogens
Nutrient competition competition
between microorganisms for carbon,
nitrogen, O2, iron, and other nutrients
Most common way organisms limit growth of
others
Example
P. fluorescens, VITCUS, prevents bacterial blotch
by competing with P. tolaasii

Mechanisms of biological control of

plant pathogens
Destructive mycoparasitism the
parasitism of one fungus by another
Direct contact
Cell wall degrading enzymes
Some produce antibiotics
Example
Trichoderma harzianum, BioTrek, used as seed
treatment against pathogenic fungus

Requirements of successful
biocontrol
1. Highly effective biocontrol strain must be
obtained or produced
a. Be able to compete and persist
b. Be able to colonize and proliferate
c. Be non-pathogenic to host plant and
environment

Requirements of successful
biocontrol
2. Inexpensive production and formulation
of agent must be developed
a. Production must result in biomass with
excellent shelf live
b. To be successful as agricultural agent must
be
i. Inexpensive
ii. Able to produce in large quantities
iii. Maintain viability

Requirements of successful
biocontrol
3. Delivery and application must permit full
expression of the agent
a. Must ensure agents will grow and achieve
their purpose

Coiling of Trichoderma around a pathogen.

(Plant Biocontrol by Trichoderma spp. Ilan
Chet, Ada Viterbo and Yariv Brotman)

Plant pathogen control by Trichoderma

spp.
Trichoderma spp. are present in nearly all
agricultural soils
Antifungal abilities have been known since
1930s
Mycoparasitism
Nutrient competition

Agriculturally used as biocontrol agent and

as a plant growth promoter
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2002/021231.trichoderma.j
pg

Plant pathogen control by

Trichoderma spp.
How is it applied?
Favored by presence of high levels of plant roots
Some are highly rhizosphere competent
Capable of colonizing the expanding root surface
Can be used as soil or seed treatment

http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocont
rol/pathogens/images/trichoderma3.jpg

Plant pathogen control by

Trichoderma spp.
Action against pathogenic fungi
1.

Attachment to the host

hyphae by coiling
a.

(Hubbard et al., 1983. Phytopathology 73:655-659).

Lectin-carbohydrate
interaction

Plant pathogen control by

Trichoderma spp.
Action against pathogenic fungi
2. Penetrate the host cell walls by
secreting lytic enzymes

(Ilan Chet, Hebrew University of Jerusalem).

a.

Chitinases

b.

Proteases

c.

Glucanases

Plant pathogen control by

Trichoderma spp.
Some strains colonize the root with
mycoparasitic properties
Penetrate the root tissue
Induce metabolic changes which induce
resistance
Accumulation of antimicrobial compounds

Plant pathogen control by

Trichoderma spp.
Commercial availability
T-22
Seed coating, seed pieces, transplant starter
Protects roots from diseases caused by Pythium,
Rhizoctonia and Fusarium
Interacts with the Rhizosphere, near the root hairs
and increases the available form of nutrients
needed by plants.

Plant pathogen control by

Trichoderma spp.
Future developments
Transgenes
Biocontrol microbes contain a large number of
genes which allow biocontrol to occur
Cloned several genes from Trichoderma as
transgenes
Produce crops which are resistant to plant diseases

Currently not commercially available

SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF
SOIL-BORNE PLANT DISEASES

a reduction of
biodiversity of
soil organisms
Plants growing in
disease-suppressive soil
resist diseases much
better than in soils low in
biological diversity.

Beneficial organisms can be

added directly, or the soil
environment can be made more
favorable for them through use
of compost and other organic
amendments.

Soil-borne
diseases
Restoring beneficial
organisms that attack,
repel, or otherwise
antagonize diseasecausing pathogens will
render a soil diseasesuppressive
Compost quality
determines its
effectiveness at
suppressing
soil-borne plant
diseases.

Why Disease?
Plant diseases result when a susceptible host
and a disease-causing pathogen meet in a
favorable environment

If any one of these three

conditions were not met,
there would be no
disease.

Many intervention practices (fungicides,

methyl bromide fumigants, etc.) focus on
taking out the pathogen after its effects
become apparent.
How to emphasizes on making the
environment less disease-favorable and the
host plant less susceptible.