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Lecture 9

FIR and IIR Filter design using


Matlab
2007/11/16
Prof. C.M Kyung

FIR and IIR Filter

GOAL

Linear-Time-Invariant (LTI) system and Impulse response

z-Transform

Characteristics of FIR and IIR filters

Design procedure of FIR and IIR filters

FIR and IIR Filter

LTI System

Input (x(t) or x[n]) and Output (y(t) or y[n]) is defined first

For a given system, it can be either LTI or non-LTI depending on how


we define the input and output.

Linearity

x2 [n] , the output of the systemx[for


n] x1[n] x2 [n]
For arbitraryx1[n] and
x1[n]
x2 [ n ]
is the sum the output for
and
. (superposition)
i.e. output{x1[n] x2 [n]} output{x1[n]} output{x2 [n]}

Time-invariance

Time-shift in input results in time-shift in output by same amount for


time-invariant systems.

i.e. y[n] output{x[n]} y[n m] output{x[n m]}

FIR and IIR Filter

Impulse Response

Definition

Impulse response is the output of the system when impulse signal


(t ) or [n] is applied as the input of the system.

Importance

Impulse response fully describes the system if the system is LTI.


Why and how?
Why the impulse response CANNOT fully describe a non-LTI
system?

Fourier transform of the impulse response shows the characteristic of


the system is frequency domain.

FIR and IIR Filter

z-Transform

Definition

The z-transform of a sequencex[n] is defined asX ( z ) {x[ n]}

x[n]z

Example

For

x[n] a nu[n],

X ( z ) ,{x[n]}

x[n]z

a u[n]z

(az 1 ) n
n 0

1
1 az 1

| z || a |

Note

z-transform is reduced to discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) if


is
z
substituted by
.
j
e z-transform on the unit-circle on the complex plain is
This means that
same as DTFT.
Laplace Transform CTFT ~ z-Transform DTFT

FIR and IIR Filter


Ideal frequency-selective filter

A filter whose frequency response is unity over a certain


frequency range and zero for other frequencies.

Frequency response of an ideal low-pass filter


Ideal Low pass filter

1
0.8
Frequency Response

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2

-3

-2

-1

0
frequency

However, an ideal low-pass filter is noncausal.

FIR and IIR Filter

FIR / IIR filter

Definition

FIR

If the length of the impulse response is finite, the filter is an FIR (finite
impulse response) filter. Otherwise, the filter is an IIR (infinite impulse
response) filter.

Inherently BIBO (bounded-input, bounded-output) stable


Nonzero pole does not exist in its transfer function
Easy to implement
Can be designed to have linear phase property

IIR

Sometimes unstable
Nonzero pole exists in its transfer function
Lower filter order than a corresponding FIR filter
Usually have nonlinear phase property

FIR and IIR Filter

Filter Design Procedure

Design continuous-time IIR filter

Obtain desired

H (s )

using Butterworth, Chebyshev methods

Convert it to discrete-time IIR filter using impulse invariance


Impulse invariance :

,
j
H (e ) H c ( j ) | |
h[n] Td hc (nTd )
Td
if
,
H c ( j) 0 | | / Td

Obtain discrete-time FIR filter by windowing the IIR filter

Windowing :
Commonly used
Bartlett, Hanning, Hamming,
hFIRwindows
[n] hIIR [:nrectangular,
]w[n]
Blackman, Kaiser,
However, windowing does not give the optimum solution and other
approaches can be used.

FIR and IIR Filter

Frequency response of various filters

FIR and IIR Filter

Problem Statements

Design several types of FIR and IIR filters

Remove the noise in acoustic signal using the filters

IIR butterworth, chebyshev type1, chebyshev type 2,


FIR using different windows ( Hamming, Hanning, Bartlett, )

What are the differences between the filters ?

Understand the effect of sampling frequency on the


sampled signal distortion (aliasing)

FIR and IIR Filter

Experiment Requirements

PC
Matlab software (with signal processing toolbox)

FIR and IIR Filter

References

Fundamentals of Signal & System using the web and


matlab
- Edward W. Kamen,
Bonnie S. Heck

Discrete-Time Signal Processing


- Alan V. Oppenheim, Ronald W.
Schafer

http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/si
gnal/filterde.html

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