CEEGIS1-

Geographical Information
System

GIS terminology

Geographical Information System

Geographical Information Science
Geoinformatics
Geomatics
Spatial information system
Geospatial systems
Geospatial information engineering
Land information system

GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION

SYSTEMS
Information
Information
System
System

Spatial
Spatial
Information
Information
Systems
Systems

Non-spatial
Information
Systems

Management
Information
Systems

Geographic
Geographic
Information
Information
Systems
Systems

Other
Types
(CAD/CAM)

What is the specialty of GIS?

Facilitates
faster
process
of
operations
Provides solution for many real
world problems
Decision making tool with the
support of organized data
Integrating technology

Dynamic
map
display
and
interactive query

Technologies that support GIS

Remote Sensing
Photogrammetry
Cartography
(Manual/Automated)
Positioning technology
CAD/CADD
Geodesy/Surveying/Mapping

UNIT-I : INTRODUCTION
Definition
Historical background
Concepts Development
Qualification and Requirements
Elements of GIS
Cartography - Map and Map analysis - Coordinate Systems

Defining GIS

Some other
Definitions

A powerful set of tools for collecting,

storing, retrieving, transforming and
displaying spatial data from the real
world (Burrough, 1986)
A
system
for
capturing,
storing
checking, manipulating, analysing and
displaying data which are spatially
referenced to the Earth (Dept. of
Environment, 1987)
An
information
technology
which
stores, analyses, and displays both

Definitions, continued
A database system in which most of
the data are spatially indexed, and
upon which a set of procedures
operated in order to answer queries
about spatial entities in the database
(Smith et al., 1987).
A decision support system involving
the integration of spatially referenced
data in a problem solving environment
(Cowen, 1988).

Definitions, continued
A computerised system that provides
advanced capabilities for the processing
and interpretation of spatial information
from the real world.
An organised collection of computer
hardware, software, geographic data, and
personnel designed to efficiently capture,
store, update, manipulate,analyse, and
display
all
forms
of geographically
referenced information.

Historical Background
The traditional method of presenting
geographical
information
in
two
dimensions is in the form of maps.
First developed in North America,
particularly the U.S. and Canada in
the mid-1960s
Previously been used in natural
resources and environmental research

Future developments

Trend of GIS

196

198

201

Technological trend
Data
o Multi-spectral Hyper spectral
o Low High spatial resolution
o Mono stereo imaging
Hardware
o Workstation based - PC Mobile level
Software
o Desktop WebGIS Mobile GIS
Internet
o Low Bandwidth Broadband based
o Web services (Google Earth/World Wind
etc.)

Spatial Multimedia

Web GIS

3D and Virtual GIS

To represent the real world better

Better visual impact
Simulate and scenario Development
Real time analysis
Animation