Professional Documents
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CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Fire hazards
1.
2.
3.
Personal hazards
Internal hazards
Exposure hazards
EXAMPLE
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
LOAD
1.
2.
3.
Non-Hazardous (NH)
Hazardous (H)
Extra Hazardous (EH)
1. STONE
Non combustible
Bad conductor of heat
Does not contribute to the spread of fire
However, it is a bad fire resisting material since it is
liable to disintegrate into small pieces when heated
and suddenly cooled, giving rise to failure of structure
Granite: on exposure to severe heat, explodes and
disintegrate
Lime stone: easily crumbles even under ordinary fire
Sand stone: sand stone of compact composition (fine
grained) can, however, stand the exposure to
moderate fire without serious crack
In general, the use of stone in a fire proof
construction should be restricted to a minimum
2. BRICKS
3. CONCRETE
CONCRETE
4. STEEL
Non combustible
It has very low fire resistance ( good conductor of
heat)
During fire steel gets heated very soon, modulus
of elasticity reduces and it looses tensile strength
rapidly
It is found that yield stress of mild steel at 600c
is about half of its value at normal temperature
Hence unprotected steel beam sags and
unprotected columns or struts buckle resulting in
collapse of structure
STEEL
5. GLASS
6. TIMBER
Combustible material
If the section is small, It ignites and gets rapidly
destroyed during fire.
If timber used in thick sections, it possesses the
properties of self-insulation and slow burning
During exposure to fire, timber surface gets charred;
charred portion act as a protective coating to inner
portion
If the temperature is higher than 500c, timber gets
dehydrated under continued exposure, giving rise to
combustible volatile gases which readily catch fire
8. ASBESTOS CEMENT
9. ALUMINIUM
Non combustible
Used to protect walls and ceilings
Cement plaster is better than lime
plaster
Fire resistance of plaster can be
increased by using it in thick layers or
reinforcing it with metal laths
Gypsum plaster, when used over
structural steel members, make them
better fire resistant
FIRE RESISTANT
CONSTRUCTON
COMPONENTS
1. Walls and columns
2. Floors and roofs
3. Wall openings
4. Escape elements
5. Strong room construction
b)
c)
d)
e)
g)
h)
i)
b)
c)
d)
e)
g.
3. WALL OPENINGS
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
4. ESCAPE ELEMENTS
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
ESCAPE ELEMENTS
f)
g)
h)
i)
b)
c)
d)
FIRE EXTINGUISHING
EQUIPMENTS
Each building should have suitable fire
extinguishing arrangements, depending
upon the importance of the building and
associated fire hazards
Usual equipments required for fire
extinction
1. Manual fire extinguishing equipment
2. Fire hydrants
3. Wet riser systems
4. Automatic sprinkler system
Fire Extinguisher
Fire hydrants
Fire Hydrants
Wet riser
Automatic sprinkler
system
Automatic sprinkler
system