DC Machines

Chapter-4
Term-151
1

Direct Current (DC) Machines

Fundamentals
Generator action: An emf (voltage) is

induced in a conductor if it moves

through a magnetic field.
Motor action: A force is induced in a
conductor that has a current going
through it and placed in a magnetic
field.
Any DC machine can act either as a
generator or as a motor.
2

DC Machines- Direction of
Power Flow and Losses

DC Machines- Direction of
Power Flow and Losses

DC Machines Analysis
Symbols that will be used.
= flux per pole
p = no. of poles
z = total number of active conductors on the armature
a = no. of parallel paths in the armature winding
n = speed of rotation of the armature in rpm
wm = speed in radians per second

The Internal Generated Voltage

Equations Of Real Machines
The induced voltage in any given machine
depends on three factors:
The flux in the machine
The speed of the machine's rotor
A constant depending on the construction

of the machine

The voltage out of a real machine = the number of conductors per current
path x the voltage on each conductor

EMF Equation
When the rotor rotates in the field a voltage is developed in the
armature.
The flux cut by one conductor
in one rotation
Therefore in n rotations, the
flux cut by one conductor

np

The flux cut per second by one

conductor

The number of conductors in

series

np
60
z

EMF Equation

EMF induced in the

armature windings

The Induce Torque Equations Of Real

Machines
The torque in any dc machine depends on
three factors:
The flux in the machine
The armature (or rotor) current IA in the

machine

A constant
The
torque on depending
the armature on
of athe
realconstruction
machine =the
of theofmachine
number
conductors Z x the torque on each conductor

TORQUE EQUATION
EaIa=Tem

- In the DC machine losses are

expressed as rotational losses
due to friction and windage (F&W).
- The torque equation can then be
rewritten as:-

SHAFT OUTPUT TORQUE = (Te TF&W )

10

Construction of DC Machines

11

Features of DC Machine
Field Winding

12

Construction of
DC Machines

13

Construction of DC
Machines
Field system

14

Armature
core
Armature
winding

Commutator

Brushes

Field
System

15

Field system
It is for uniform magnetic field within
which the armature rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in
comparison with permanent magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size ,
produce greater magnetic effect and
field strength can be varied

16

Field system consists of

the following parts
Yoke
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Field coils

17

Armature core
The armature core is cylindrical.
High permeability silicon steel

stampings.
Lamination is to reduce the eddy

current. loss

18

Armature winding

19

Armature winding
There are 2 types of
winding
A = PLap and Wave winding
A=2

It is meant for high

current and low
voltages.

The
armature
windings are divided
into
number
of
sections equal to the

20

It is meant for
low
current output
and
high voltages.

2 brushes

Commutator

Connect with external circuit.

Converts ac into unidirectional current.

Cylindrical in shape .

Made of wedge shaped copper segments.

Segments are insulated from each other.

Each commutator segment is connected to

armature conductors by means of a copper strip
called riser.

Number of segments equal to number of coils.

21

Carbon brush

Carbon brushes are used in

DC machines because they
are soft materials.

It does not generate spikes

when
they
contact
commutator.

To deliver the
through armature.

Carbon is used for brushes

because it has negative
temperature coefficient of
resistance.

22

current

DC Machine
Equivalent Circuits
1.Magnetic

equivalent circuit
2.Electrical

equivalent circuit
23

1.Magnetic equivalent

circuit

Flux-mmf
relation in a dc
machine

DC machine
Cross-sectional
view

24

DC machine
Magnetic equivalent
circuit

Electrical
equivalent circuit
DC Generator

25

DC Generator Equivalent
circuit
The magnetic field produced by the stator

poles induces a voltage in the rotor (or

armature) coils when the generator is rotated.

This induced voltage is represented by a

voltage source.
The stator coil has resistance, which is

connected in series.
The pole flux is produced by the DC
26

excitation/field current, which is magnetically

DC Generator Equivalent
circuit

Equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc

generator.

27

DC Generator Equivalent
circuit
The

magnetic field produced by the

stator poles induces a voltage in the
rotor (or armature) coils when the
generator is rotated.
The dc field current of the poles
generates a magnetic flux
The flux is proportional with the field
current if the iron core is not saturated:

K1 I f

The rotor conductors cut the field lines

that generate voltage in the coils.

Eag K a m
28

DC Generator Equivalent
circuit
When the generator is loaded, the load

current produces a voltage drop on the rotor

winding resistance.
In addition, there is a more or less constant 1

to 3 V voltage drop on the brushes.

These two voltage drops reduce the terminal

voltage of the generator. The terminal

voltage is;
29

Eag VT I ag Ra Vbrush

Electrical
equivalent circuit
DC Motor

30

DC Motor Equivalent
circuit

Equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc motor

Equivalent circuit is similar to the generator only

the current directions are different

31

DC Motor Equivalent
circuit
The operation equations are:
Armature voltage equation

VT Eam I am Ra Vbrush
The induced voltage and motor speed vs angular frequency

Eam K a m

m 2 nm

The output power and torque are:

Pout E am I am
32

Pout
T
K a I am
m

Classification of
DC Machines

33

34

 Separately Excited DC
Machine

+
F ie ld

E
F
35

A rm a tu re

b ) S e p a r a te ly E x c ite d

 Series & Shunt DC

Machine
+
E

F ie ld
F

A rm a tu re

F
c ) S e r ie s

+
F ie ld
F

36

d ) S h u n t

A rm a tu re

 Cumulative & Differential DC

machine
A

+
e ) C u m m u la tiv e C o m p o u n d

F ie ld

A rm a tu re

A
+
S

d ) D iffe r e n tia l C o m p o u n d

37

F ie ld

A rm a tu re
-

 Long Shunt & Short Shunt DC

Machine
A
+
S

A rm a tu re

f) L o n g S h u n t
F

F ie ld

A
+
S

A rm a tu re

g ) S h o rt S h u n t
F

38

F ie ld

Exercise
Problems

39

Exercise-1
A four-pole dc machine has an armature of radius 12.5 cm and an
effective length of 25cm. The poles cover 75 % of the armature
periphery. The armature winding consists of 33 coils, each having
seven turns. The coils are accommodated in 33 slots. The average
flux density under each pole is 0.75 T.
A. If the armature is lap wound, then
a) Determine the armature constant Ka.
b) Determine the induced armature voltage when the armature

rotates at 1000 rpm.

c) Determine the current in the coil and the electromagnetic torque
developed when the armature current is 400 A.
d) Determine the power developed by the armature.
B. If the armature is wave-wound, repeat parts (a) to (d) above. The
40

current rating of the coils remains the same as in the lap-wound.

Exercise-2
A 12-pole dc generator has a simplex wave-wound armature
containing 144 coils of 10 turns each. The resistance of each turn is
0.011 . Its flux per pole is 0.05 Wb, and the machine is running at a
speed of 200 r/min.
(a) How many current/parallel paths are there in this machine?
(b) What is the induced armature voltage of this machine?
(c) What is the effective armature resistance of this machine?
(d) If a 1 k resistor is connected to the terminals of this generator,
Determine the power output and the induced counter-torque on
the shaft of this generator.
41

4.3 DC
Generators
1. Equivalent

Circuits
2. Voltage,

current &
42

Separately
excited DC
generator
43

 Separately Excited DC
Generator
The operation equations

are:
Stator
side:
R f orRfield
fw R fc

Vf I f Rf
Armature voltage
E V I R V
a
t
equation:

brush

Ea K a m
Vt I t RL

Load or terminal

equation:

44

I a It

Power developed in the

armature:
P P E I
a

a a

Power delivered to the

load: P P V I V I
L
t
t t
t L

 Characteristics
Performance of the DC

generators are
determined by terminal
output parameter IL and VT
By Kirchhoff's voltage law,
the terminal voltage is,

Ia It

Since

Vt Ea I a Ra Vbrush
the

internal
generated
voltage
is
independent of armature
current, the generator
terminal characteristics is
a straight line.
Due
45
to the armature

Terminal characteristics of
separately excited DC
generator

Shunt DC
generator

46

 Shunt (Self-Excited) DC
Generator
The operation equations

are:
Stator or field side:
V

I sh

Rsh

Armature voltage
E V I R V
a
t
equation:

brush

Ea K a m
Vt I t RL

Power developed in the

armature:
P P E I
a

Load or terminal

equation:

47

a a

Power delivered to the

I a I L load:
I sh
PL Pt Vt I t Vt I L

 Characteristics
By Kirchhoff's voltage

law, the terminal

voltage Iis, I I
a

sh

Vt Ea I a Ra Vbrush
Since

the
internal
generated voltage is
independent
of
armature current, the
generator
terminal
characteristics
is
a
straight line.
Due to the armature
48 voltage
drop,
the

Terminal characteristics of
shunt DC generator

Series DC
generator

49

 Series (Self-Excited) DC
Generator
The operation equations

are:
Stator or field side:

I se I a I L I t

EArmature
V I ( Rvoltage
R ) V
a

equation:

se

brush

Ea K a m
Vt terminal
I t RL
Load or
equation:

50

I a It I L

Current equation:

Power developed in the

armature:
P P E I
a

a a

Power delivered to the

load: P P V I V I
L
t
t t
t L

 Characteristics
By Kirchhoff's voltage

law, the terminal

voltage Iis, I I
a

se

Vt Ea I a ( Ra Rse ) Vbrush
As the load increases, the

51

field current rises, so EA

rises rapidly The IA
(RA+Rs) drop goes up too,
but at first the increase in
EA goes up more rapidly
than the IA(RA+Rs) drop
rises, so Vr increases.

Terminal characteristics of
series DC generator
After a while, the machine

approaches saturation, and

EA becomes almost constant.
At that point, the resistive
drop is the predominant
effect, and VT starts to fall.

Compound DC
generators
Short-Shunt
generator
Long-Shunt
generator
52

Generator
The operation equations

are:
Series field
I se side:
I L It

Vt
Shunt field current
I sh

I se Rse
Rsh

Armature voltage
E V I R I R V
a

t
a a
equation:

se

se

Ea K a m

Vt I t RL

Power developed in the

armature:
P P E I
a

53

a a

Power delivered to the

load: P P V I V I
L
t
t t
t L
I a I L I sh

Load or terminal

equation:

brush

 Long Shunt DC Generator

The operation equations

are:
Series field Iside:
se I a

Shunt field current

I
sh

Vt
Rsh

Armature voltage
E V I (R R ) V
a
t
a
equation:

se

Ea K a m

Vt I t RL

Power developed in the

armature:
P P E I
a

54

a a

Power delivered to the

load: P P V I V I
L
t
t t
t L
I a I L I sh

Load or terminal

equation:

brush

 Characteristics

55

4.4 DC Motors

56

HW-3
Draw
the
equivalent
circuits of various DC
motors & derive their
voltage, current and
power equations. Draw
their
performance
Due Date: Monday, November 16, 2015
characteristics.
57

Performance of
DC Machines

58

 DC Generator
A DC generator is a machine that takes in

mechanical input power to produce electrical

power output.
The performance of a dc generator is assessed
by means of the following:
Generator Efficiency:

Pout
Pin Losses
Pout

100
100
100
Pin
Pin
Pout Losses
Voltage Regulation:
V

VR

59

t , NL

Vt , FL

Vt , FL

100

 DC Motor:
A

DC motor is a machine that produces

mechanical output power from the applied
electrical input.
The performance of a dc motor is assessed by
means of the following:
Motor Efficiency:

Pout
Pin Losses
Pout

100
100
100
Pin
Pin
Pout Losses
Speed Regulation:
n

SR

60

m , NL

nm , FL

nm , FL

100

Efficiency
Calculations
Power Flow &
Losses in a DC
Machine
61

Losses in DC Machines
Variable
Losses

Constant
Losses
All these losses appear as heat and thus raise the temperature of the machine. They
also lower the efficiency of the machine.
62

Electrical or Copper Losses (I2R

Losses)
These losses occur due to currents in the

armature and field windings of the dc

machine.
Armature copper loss:
PA I a 2 Ra
Shunt field copper loss:

Psh I sh 2 Rsh

Series field copper loss:

Pse I se 2 Rse

Brush Losses:
There is also brush contact loss due to brush contact

resistance (i.e., resistance between the surface of brush

and surface of commutator). This loss is generally
included in armature copper loss.
It can also be calculated explicitly by the following
PBD VBD I a
relation.
63

Core or Iron Losses

As iron core of the armature is continuouslyrotating in a

magnetic field, there are some losses taking place in the

core. This loss consists ofHysteresis loss and Eddy
current loss.
Hysteresis loss:

Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization of the

armature core. When the core passes under one pair of

poles, it undergoes one complete cycle of magnetic
reversal. The frequency of magnetic reversal if given by,
f=PN/120. The loss that takes place due to repeated
magnetization & demagnetization
of the iron core
Eddy current loss:
contributes to the hysteresis loss.

When the armature core rotates in the magnetic field, an

emf is also induced in the core (just like it induces in
armature
conductors),
according
to
the
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Though this
induced emf is small, it causes a large current to flow in
the body due to low resistance of the core. This current is
known as eddy current. The power loss due to this
64current is known as eddy current loss.

Mechanical Losses
The mechanical losses in a dc machine are the losses

associated with mechanical effects.

These

losses

are

due

to

friction

and

windage.

(i) friction loss e.g., bearing friction, brush friction etc.

(ii) windage loss i.e., air friction of rotating armature.

These losses depend upon the speed of the machine.

But for a given speed, they are practically constant.

Mechanical and core losses are together considered as

rotational losses .

65

The Power-Flow Diagram of DC

Generator

66

The Power-Flow Diagram of DC

Motor

67

Exercise
Problems

68

Exercise-1
A separately excited dc generator running at 1200 rpm & delivers
12kW at 240 V as terminal voltage. The armature resistance is 0.3
ohms. Each brush takes 1 V drop. Pmech=600 W, Pcore=300 W and
Pstray=200 W. The field circuit resistance is 200 ohms and DC field
voltage is 250 V.
a) Draw the equivalent circuit and the corresponding power

flow diagram.
b) Find the induced voltage.
c) Determine the converted or developed power and the
induced torque.
d) Find the efficiency of the machine.

69

Exercise-2
A 220 V shunt DC motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohms and
a field resistance of 110 ohms. At no-load the motor runs at 1000
rpm and it draws a line current of 7 A. At full-load, the input to the
motor is 11 kW.
a) Draw the equivalent circuit.
b) Find the rotational losses.
c) Find the speed, speed regulation and developed torque at full

load.
d) Find the efficiency of the motor.

70

HW-4
Questions #:
4.2, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.25, 4.26,4.39,
4.40 found on pages 192-198 of the
text book.
Due date is Monday November 26, 2015.
71