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Shear
Example 1: 6/6 = 1 = shear factor
A

Points on the invariant line do

not move with the shear, they
remain fixed.

A shear is a transformation of
an object in the plane in
relation to an invariant line.
It is a type of slide that is
parallel to the invariant line.
A shear is fully described only
when both the shear factor
and the invariant line are given.

C
Invariant Line BC

To calculate the shear factor

we note the distance moved by
a point and divide it by the
perpendicular distance of the
point from the invariant line.
Comment on the area of
both object and image.

Shear

Shear
Example 2: Calculate the shear factor when xy is the invariant line.
Shear factor = 6/2 = 3

6
2
y

Comment on the area of

both object and image.

Shear
Example 3: Calculate the shear factor when xy is the invariant line.
Shear factor = 6/4 = 1

x
Comment on the area of
both object and image.

Shear
Question 1: Calculate the shear factor when xy is the invariant line in each case.
(a)

(b)

Shear Factor = 1
Image

(c)

Shear Factor = 1

object

object

Shear Factor = 2
object

Image

Image
y

x
y

(d)

(e)

Shear Factor = 1
object

Shear Factor = 3

Image

Image
object
x

Performing a Shear

Shear

Example 1: If xy is an invariant line, draw the image of the triangle under a

shear factor of 2 to the right.

These points on xy remain

fixed during the shear.

A xy = 8 units so
A A = 16 units
parallel to xy.

Shear

Performing a Shear

Example 2: If A moves to A under a shear, draw the image and state the
shear factor. xy is the invariant line.
y
b
A A = 3 units and
A

A xy = 1 units so
shear factor = 3

Since these points on xy

remain fixed we just need
to move points b and c
parallel to xy applying the
shear factor of 3.
b xy = 3 so
b b = 9
c xy = 1 so
c c = 4

Shear

Question 2: Using the shear factors given in each case, draw the image
after the shear against the invariant line xy.
(a)
Shear Factor = 1
(b)
Shear Factor = 1
Shear Factor = 2
(c)

x
y

(d)

(e)

Shear Factor = 1

x
x

Shear Factor = 3

Shear

Question 3: In each case below, A moves to A under a shear. Draw the image
and state the shear factor (xy is the invariant line).
(a)

(b)
x

A
A

Shear Factor = 1

A
Shear Factor = 2

Stretch
Example 1:

6/3 = 2 = scale factor

A

Points on the invariant line do

not move, they remain fixed.
To calculate the scale factor
we note the perpendicular
distances from xy of a point
and its image and divide image
distance by point distance.

3
x

A stretch is a transformation
of an object in the plane in one
direction only. It is fully
described only when both the
scale factor and the invariant
line are given.

y
Invariant Line xy

Stretch

Stretch
Example 2: Calculate the scale factor when xy is the invariant line.
Scale factor = 14/4 = 3
x

4
y

A
14

Stretch
Example 3: Calculate the scale factor when xy is the invariant line.
Scale factor = 10/5 = 2
x

5
10
y

Stretch
Example 4: Calculate the scale factor when xy is the invariant line.
Scale factor = 6/3 = 2

Stretch
Question 4: Calculate the scale factor when xy is the invariant line in each case.
(a)

(b)

Scale Factor = 3

Scale Factor = 2

(c)

Scale Factor = 2
Image

Image

Object

Object

Image

Object
y

x
y

(d)

Image

Scale Factor = 3

(e)

Scale Factor = 1

Image
Object

Object

Stretch
Question 5: Draw the image for the given scale factor and invariant line.
(a)

(b)

Scale Factor = 3

Scale Factor = 2

(c)

Scale Factor = 1

x
y

(d)

Scale Factor = 2

(e)

Scale Factor = 4

x
y

Stretch
Question 6: Find the invariant line in each case below.
(a)

(b)

Scale Factor = 2

Scale Factor = 2

(c)

Scale Factor = 1

x
Image

Image

Object

Object

Image
Object

y
x

(d)

Scale Factor = 3

(e)

Scale Factor = 2
Image

Object
x

Object
Image
y

Shear
Question 1: Calculate the shear factor when xy is the invariant line in each case.
(a)

(b)
Image

(c)

object

object

object

Image

Image
y

x
y

(e)

(d)
object

Image

Image
object
x

Worksheet

Shear

Question 2: Using the shear factors given in each case, draw the image after
the shear against the invariant line xy.
(a)
Shear Factor = 1
(b)
Shear Factor = 1
Shear Factor = 2
(c)

x
y

(d)

(e)

Shear Factor = 1

x
x

Shear Factor = 3

Shear

Question 3: In each case below, A moves to A under a shear. Draw the image
and state the shear factor (xy is the invariant line).
(a)

(b)
x

A
A

A
x

Stretch
Question 4: Calculate the scale factor when xy is the invariant line in each case.
(a)

(b)

(c)
Image

Image

Object

Object

Image

Object
y

x
y

(e)

(d)

Image

Image
Object

Object

Stretch
Question 5: Draw the image for the given scale factor and invariant line.
(a)

(b)

Scale Factor = 3

Scale Factor = 2

(c)

Scale Factor = 1

x
y

(d)

Scale Factor = 2

(e)

Scale Factor = 4

x
y

Stretch
Question 6: Find the invariant line in each case below.
(a)

Scale Factor = 2

(b)

Scale Factor = 2

(c)

Scale Factor = 1
Image

Image
Object

Image

Object

(d)

Object

Scale Factor = 3

(e)

Scale Factor = 2
Image

Object

Object
Image