Military Intervention in Politics

 Concept
Various

form of military intervention

History
Case

Studies

Imposition of military rule by military

authorities over designated regions on
an emergency basis
Maintain law and order and security, and
provide essential services extensive riots
and protests, the disobedience of the law
Military replace civil authorities and
perform some or all of their functions
The constitution could be suspended,
and in full-scale martial law, the highestranking military officer would take over
the govt

 Martial

law can be used by governments to

enforce their rule over the public.
When threatened by popular protest (China,

Tiananmen Square protests of 1989)

To suppress political opposition (Poland in 1981)
To stabilize insurrection or perceived
insurrections (Canada, The October Crisis of
1970)
Martial law has also been imposed during
conflicts and in cases of occupations, where the
absence of any other civil government provides
for an unstable population. World War II
reconstruction in Germany and Japan
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government led by a committee of

military leaders, Sometimes it becomes
a military dictatorship, though the
terms are not synonymous.
Nigerian military juntas f 19661979 and

19831998
Military

dictatorship a government
where in the political power resides with
the military
Stratocracy _Absolute rule
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 In

Abbasids regime military was

more powerful than the Khalifa
Victorious Generals were made
rulers 1206-1526
Mansab Dari System of Mughals was
revenue administration combine with
military rule
British Imperialism
Recent History
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Egypt
In Egypt, a State of Emergency

almost continuously since 1967

The Parliament has renewed the
emergency laws every three
years since they were imposed
The legislation was last extended
in 2003 and was due to expire at
the end of May 2006; plans were
in place to replace it with new
anti-terrorism laws
In May 2008 there was a further
extension to June 2010
Finally Replaced by Muhammad
Mursi of Al-Akhwan

 Since

the foundation of the

Republic of Turkey in 1923
the military conducted
three coups d'tat and
announced martial law.
Martial law(Ahmet
Kenan Evren) between
1978 and 1983 was
replaced by a State of
emergency that lasted
until November 2002.

1960 & 1971 Coups

Israil
Irland
Poland
Tiwan

1994-96
1916
1981
1947-87

 Diversion

from Ideological basis on

Politics
Ideological Basis of Military
Delay in Constitution Development
Support of Bureaucracy
Politics of Reconciliation- (Principles
or Reconciliation)
Public Policy and Military
Demand of role in govt by Military
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 Political

role of Military

NAB
Disaster Management
Weak Law Enforcement Agencies

Charges

of Corruption and Shame

democracy
Ineffective Article 6
Specific reasons
Delay in Election 1958
Rigging
1977
Democratic Monarchy 1999
11

Failure of Politicians in political solution of

problems
Various Military Operations of 1971,1973,199394,2008
No alternative leadership/opposition
Failure to bring in house changes
Removal of Safety-Valve from Constitution
8th 13th 17th
Failure of Major Political Parties
No National Political Party
Formation of various Political Alliance by Military
Weak Political Institutions
1953 Partial Martial Law gave rationale
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Economic development
Decade of Development 1960
Stable Dollar
1980
Real estate Economy
2000

Gross Root Democracy

BD System0-Controlled Democracy
District Council-apolitical Democracy
Local Govt-Matric Democracy

Sabotage of Constitution
Ethnic Conflicts
Pakhtoon Mahajer 1958
MQM 1985

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 Weakening political institutions

Wars with in and outside the borders
Effecting the balance of Power in the

Region
Role of Military in Foreign Policy_
National Interest (sic) Of ??????

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 Kashmir Issue
Afghanistan Policy
Nuclear Program
War Against Terrorism
Economic and Military Aid
Major Infrastructure Projects
Relations with India

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Army general and the

leader of South Korea (the
Republic of Korea) from
1961 to 1979
He remains a controversial
figure in South Korea as a
dictator who seized power
with a military coup and
ruled the country with iron
fist for 18 years
He has been credited with
the industrialization of the
Republic of Korea through
export-led growth.
He was named one of the
top 100 Asians of the
Century by Time magazine
(1999)
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As Supreme Commander
of the Allied Powers
(SCAP) in Japan, helped
Japan rebuild itself,
institute democratic
government, and chart a
new course that
ultimately made Japan
one of the world's leading
industrial power
He was effective interim
leader of Japan from 1945
until 1948
In 1946, MacArthur's staff
drafted a new constitution
that renounced war and
stripped the Emperor of
his military authority
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A French general
and statesman
who led the Free
French Forces
during World War II
He later founded
the French Fifth
Republic in 1958
and served as its
first President from
1959 to 1969

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 Retired

Air Marshal Noor Khan has

asked that the army should admit
that the mistakes were committed so
that it becomes a moral force, and
not just a mercenary army
Political Solution of Political Problems
Reinventing our foreign policy
Rational Role of Military in
Governance/National Security Council
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 Stable

Political Governments

K.B Saeed 1950-58 Pakistan had seven

PM and one C-n-C while India had one

PM and various C-n-C

Reconstructing

of Military

the ideological Basis

In the past, military justified the rule as

a way of bringing political stability for

the nation or rescuing it from the threat
of "dangerous ideologies
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US in the aftermath of the Vietnam debacle, and

produced dramatic results during the 1991 Gulf
War

The Egyptian Army learned from its defeat in the

Six-Day War of 1967, and improved greatly by the
time of the Yom Kippur War in 1973

The top echelons of the Pakistani military need to

rethink their strategy of continuing to ignore their
troubled history

Those who forget the past are condemned to

repeat it
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a form of government in which an

authoritarian leader exercises political
power for the benefit of the whole
population rather than exclusively for his
or her own self-interest or benefit or for
the benefit of only a small portion of the
population
A benevolent dictator may allow for some
democratic decision-making to exist, such
as through public referendums
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 Rapid

economic growth in some

authoritarian countries has led many
to believe that democracy is not
necessary for prosperity and economic
development
Democratic governance, however, is
essential for economic growth to be
sustainable in the long term
Strong democratic institutions, not
strong leaders, are necessary for
continued growth and investment.
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MILBUS also exists in well developed countries like

the USA, UK, France, China, Israel or even Turkey.
The Milbus or the PMEs (Private Military
Enterprises) are generally known as the Private
Military Industry. Famous US PMEs include
Halliburton, Black-water worldwide, Defensecurity,
Titan Corporations, Kellogg Brown & Root, Air Scan,
DynCorps, CACI International, etc. Famous UK
PMEs include Black-Ops and Aegis Defense
Services. Most of these are active beneficiaries of
the Iraq War. The worldwide PME industry is now
worth over $100 billion a year. Thus, this is not just
a Pakistan specific industry
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