Materi Diskusi

1. Open and close circulatory

2. Circulatory in Sponge and Coelenterata
3. Circulatory in vertebrate
4. Cold and warm-blooded

The Circulatory System

The circulatory system moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and

from cells
Single-celled organisms obtain oxygen and nutrients directly
across the surface of the cell
Multi-cellular organisms require methods for transporting
materials to and from cells which are far removed from the
external environment

Invertebrate Circulatory
Systems

Sponges and most Cnidarians use water from the environment as a

circulatory fluid
Pseudocoelomate invertebrates (e.g., roundworms) use the fluids of
the body cavity for circulation (=gastrovascular cavity)
Larger animals have tissues that are several cells thick, such that
many cells are too far away from the body surface or digestive cavity
to exchange materials with the environment

 In Cnidarians, respiration occurs via diffusion directly through their

tissues
A gastrovascular cavity is used for digestion and transport

Invertebrate Circulatory
Systems

Invertebrate Circulatory
Systems

Open circulatory system No distinction

between blood and the interstitial fluid;
hemolymph
Most Molluscs and Arthropods
A tubular muscle, or heart, pumps hemolymph
through a network of channels and body
cavities, before draining back to the central
cavity
Hemolymph directly
bathes the internal
organs

Insect

The Circulatory System

Closed circulatory system The circulating fluid, or blood, is

enclosed within blood vessels that transport it away from and
back to the heart
All vertebrates, cephalopod molluscs, and annelids
Consists of
heart, blood
vessels and
blood

Vertebrate Circulatory
Systems

Surface area as the physiological complexity of animals

increased, so too did the need for more surface area to transport
and exchange nutrients and oxygen (and remove CO2 and
metabolic wastes)
Adaptations have allowed the development of large body size and
locomotion

Vertebrate Circulatory
Systems

http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/ocean/images/03_oceanlife/features/06_whales/whale.jpg

Check out: http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=yd_w3biT3TU
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bar-headed_Goose_-_St_James%27s_Park,_London_-_Nov_2006.jpg

Vertebrate Circulatory
Systems

First to contract

2.

Fish evolved a 2-chambered heart to increase efficiency of

gas exchange in gills

1.

3.

4.

Vertebrate Circulatory
Systems

The evolution of lungs in amphibians involved

a major change in the pattern of circulation
a second pumping circuit
After blood is pumped from the heart through
pulmonary arteries to the lungs, it is returned
to the heart via pulmonary veins
Double circulation gives boost to
speed/pressure at which blood is transported to the
rest of the body
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the
heart and lungs; Systemic circulation moves
blood between the heart and the rest of the body

Heart
1b.
1. Deoxygenated
blood from
body is pumped
through the
heart and to the
lungs
2. Oxygenated
blood is
returned to
heart to be
pumped to rest
of the body

1a.

2a.

2b.

Vertebrate Circulatory
Systems

Amphibians and most reptiles have a 3-chambered heart

2 atria and 1 ventricle
Some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation, and
the left atrium receives oxygenated blood (pulmonary) from the lungs no
mixing in the atria
Separation of pulmonary and systemic incomplete in ventricle

Amphibian and Reptilian

Circulation
Amphibians obtain additional oxygen via diffusion through their
(moist) skin
Reptiles have a septum that partially subdivides the ventricle
Separation is complete in Crocodilians (septum divides ventricle into 2
separate ventricles; a 4-chambered heart)
Further reduces mixing of blood in the heart
Atria receive blood returning to the heart
Ventricles pump blood out of the heart

Mammalian and Avian

(and Crocodilian)
Circulatory Systems
Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood does not mix; completely
separated
4-chambered heart: 2 atria, 2 ventricles
Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it
to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs (pulmonary); the left
atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers it to the
left ventricle, which pumps it to the rest of the body (systemic)

pulmonary
systemic
RA RV LUNGS LA LV REST OF BODY

1b.

1a.

2a.

2b.

1. Deoxygenated blood from body is pumped through the heart and to lungs
2. Oxygenated blood is returned to heart to be pumped to rest of the body

Lizard
Ducks

What is the difference between warm and cold-blooded animals ?

Cold-blooded animals body temperature depends on how cold or warm the
temperature is around them. Cold blooded animals often like to bask in the sun
to warm up. Some insects die when it gets too cold, however others survive by
migrating to warmer areas or underground.

Marine Iguana
Warm-blooded creatures, like
mammals and birds, can keep the
inside of their bodies at a constant
temperature. They do this by
cooling themselves when they are
in a hotter environment.

Alligator

How the environment affects a cold-blooded animals body temperature.

What does it mean when cold-blooded creatures take on the temperature of

their surroundings?
It means that their body temperature depends on the temperature
surrounding them. Example: They are hot when their environment is hot
and cold when their environment is cold.

Cold-blooded animals are more

active in warm environments then in
cold environments. They are
sluggish in cold environments.

Snake

What does it mean to be cold blooded or warm blooded?

The temperature of an animals blood is related to its body temperature.
Honeybees stay warm by moving their wings and crowding
together to generate heat.

Some cold blooded animals,

such as bees or dragonflies,
shiver to stay warm when in a
cold environment.

Bees

Warm-blooded animals can remain active in cold environments in which coldblooded animals can hardly move.
Warm-blooded animals can live in almost every surface environment on Earth, like
in artic regions or on high mountains where most cold-blooded animals would have
difficulty surviving.Warm-blooded animals can remain active, seek food
and defend themselves in
a wide range of outdoor
temperatures.

Cold-blooded animals can only

do this when they are warm
enough.

Example of a coldblooded animal

Toad

How warm-blooded animals can cool down.

Large animals such as elephants have difficulty cooling down. To stay cool,
warm blooded animals sweat or pant to loose heat by water evaporation.

They can also cool off by

moving into a shaded area or
by getting wet. Only
mammals can sweat.
Primates, such as humans,
apes and monkeys, have
sweat glands all over their
bodies. Dogs and cats have
sweat glands only on their
feet.

Elephants

Whales are mammals who have no sweat glands, but then since they live in the
water, they dont really need them. Large mammals have difficulty cooling down if
they get over heated.
This is why elephants, for example, have large, thin ears which loose heat quickly.
Mammals have hair, fur or blubber, and birds have feathers to keep it warm.

Whales
Many mammals have
thick layers of fur, which
keep them warm in the
winter.

Thank you for

viewing my
presentation