ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

By:
Eng\ WALEED ELSAFOURY

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

GSM Transmission Chain

Speech
encoder

13 kbps

Channel
encoder

Microphone
Acoustic
signal

22.8 kbps
Analog
electrical
speech
signal

Digital
speech
signal

Interleaver
22.8 kbps
Ciphering
22.8 kbps
Burst assembling
and multiplexing
33.85 kbps
Modulator

Channel

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

GSM Reception Chain

Channel

Demodulator
33.85 kbps
Burst Deassembling
and demultiplexing
22.8 kbps
Deciphering
22.8 kbps
De-Interleaver
Recovered speech

Speech
decoder

22.8 kbps
13 kbps

Channel
decoder

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

speech coding must give :

1. Low bit rate
2. Preserving the essential elements of speech quality
3. An acceptable cost of the equipment

- GSM sends information about speech not the speech itself

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

First step A/D converter

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

A/D is performed by PCM.
PCM involves 4 steps:
1- Bandlimiting
3- Quantizing

2- Sampling
4- Encoding

-Bandlimiting
F(f)

H(f)

Baseband signal

F(f)

f
Low-pass filter

fX

Bandlimited signal

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

-Sampling

fs(t)

f(t)

Analog signal

fs(t)

Ts

t
Sampling

fs = 2 fx sample/sec

Sampled signal

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Bandlimiting + Sampling
fs(t)

Ts

t
f(t)

f(t)

Analog signal

Sampling

Low
Low
Pass
Pass
Filter
Filter
3.4 kHz

t
Bandlimited
to 3.4 kHz

Electronic
Electronic
Switch
Switch

fs= 8 ksample/s

fs(t)
t
PAM sampled signal

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Quantizing
q7
q6
q5

Sampled
value

Quantized value

Quantized error

q4
q3

time

q2
q1
q0

o Number of levels = 2^13=8192 levels.

o This gives 13 bit/sample.

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Encoding

Encoder
Encoder

Quantized Samples

0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

Binary stream of bits

o Encoding rate = 8000 x 13 = 104 kb/sec.

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Segmentation
20 msec = 2080 bit
104 kb/sec
101010001001111101010010100110010010010100100100110
101010001001111101010010100110010010010100100100110

8 : 1 compression

13 kb/sec

260 bit
01000101111010
01000101111010

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Predictive coding
1. We send information about noise not the voice itself
(pitch, tone,.etc)
2. Less power and less co-channel interference
Voice activity
detection

Voice 8000 s/sec

13 b/sample

VAD

Discontinuous
Speech coder

Voice frame

Comfort noise

Noise frame

transmission

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DTX

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Predictive decoding

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Channel coding
o
o
o
o

Mobile channel is error-prone.

Compressed speech is sensitive to errors.
Error correction is necessary.
Channel coding adds extra bits to help in
error correction.

o GSM uses:
1. Block code
2. Convolutional code

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Convolutional code
50 Very
important bits

Block
coder

53 b

b 378

378 b

1:2
Convolutional
coder

132 Important bits

bits 456
4 tail bits

78 Not so important bits

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Convolutional code

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Channel Coding for TCH/FR

260 bits/20 msec
Class 1a
50 bits

50
Parity
check

Class 1b
132 bits

132

Class 2
78 bits

4
Tail
bits

1:2 Convolutional coder

378

456 bits/20 msec

78

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Interleaving

- First level :Block interleaving

57 bits

1
9
17
25

2
10
18
26

3
11
19
27

4
12
20
28

5
13
21
29

6
14
22
30

7
15
23
31

8
16
24
32

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

449

450

451

452

453

45
4

455

456

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- second level :Burst interleaving
- Normal Burst has 2 of 57b blocks
- If Burst is lost BER=25%
- To reduce it to 12.5% we put 2 blocks of two 20 msec

20 msec speech
8x57=456 bits

20 msec speech
8x57=456 bits

57 bits

20 msec speech
8x57=456 bits

57 bits
Normal Burst

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GSM security
TMSI
Authentication
IMEI check
ciphering

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Ciphered digital data

AUC
HLR

,IMSI, Ki
A3, A8

GSM PLMN

EIR
IMEI

A5

A5
BTS

VLR

MSC

IMEI

IMSI, Ki,
A3, A8

SIM

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Authentication
- It is a processor system that performs the authentication function

AUC
IMSI

Ki

Database
IMSI,Ki

RAND
A3

RAND

SRES
Triplet

A8

Kc

Request for
Triplet from
HLR,VLR

Triplet

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MS

HLR/AUC
IMSI
RAND

Ki
A3

Ki

A3
SRES

SRES

VLR
SRES
=?

Yes

No

Authentication Refused"
message

Continue
ciphering

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

IMEI check
Authentication
Ciphering

MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
Initiate
Initiate

Authentication
Authentication

Ciphering
Ciphering

IMEI
IMEI request
request

IMEI Request
ME
IMEI
MS

IMEI Response

BSS

MSC/VLR

EIR
Check
IMEI

Black
List
Gray
List

White
List

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

ciphering
Ms

Network

RAND

Ki

A8

Ki

A8
Kc

Kc

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1. CMC + Kc
VLR

MSC

2. CMC

Cipher mode command

MS
BTS

6. Ciphering
mode complete

If yes
5. Decryption of
CMC successful?

Kc

CMC

FN

Decryption
process
using A5

4.Encrypted
CMC

Kc FN

Encryption
process
using A5

3.Encrypt CMC

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ciphering
SYNC.

0 1 1 0 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 0 1 0

Kc

Kc
FN

A5

1 0 1 1 0 0 1

Cipher sequence
key flow

User data flow

Cipher sequence
key flow

User data flow

A5

1 0 1 1 0 0 1

1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Ciphered text

Ciphering Process

FN

Deciphering Process

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

Modulation
1. High bandwidth efficiency i.e. high bit rate per Hz
2. Low power drain
3. Good BER performance
4. Low implementation cost

GMSK is the modulation scheme of the GSM system

ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL MOBILE

- Gaussian minimum shift keying

modulator