GD&T : Theory to Reality

Mission Statement
Its a tool used by Product
Development firms so that the
manufacturing personnels know
how to realize a higher return on
their investment by utilizing a
standardized concise, internationally
accepted language of engineering
expression.

FUNDAMENTALS OF
GD&T
ASME
Y 14.5-2009
(Includes Y 14.5M-1994)
Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Course Objectives
Expose to the language of ASME y
14.5-2009 Dimensioning &
Tolerancing.
Gain an appreciation of the
advantage of GD&T.
Gain an appreciation of the
sophisticated simplicity of the ASME
Y 14.5-2009 standard
Explore the 3 Perspectives of GD&T
( Design, Manufacturing and

Geometric Dimensioning &

Tolerance

GD&T
A Means of Dimensioning and
Tolerancing a part with respect to
Relationship and Function.

The Simplest Drawing In the world

The Problem with simplest drawing

in the World

What is the size of the Ring

Gauge

The ASME Y14.5

Interpretation

Mil Standard 8 1949

Established Rule#1
Unless otherwise specified, the limits
of the size of individual feature of
size control the form of the feature
as well as the size.

The Rememberall

Synopsis of Rule#1
Size controls form
Perfect form at MMC
The Envelop Rule
Standardizes Understanding of
Nominal Rule with plus/minus
tolerances on a feature of Size.

When should we use GD&T

When part features are critical to
interchangeability or function.
When functional gauging techniques
are desirable.
When datum references are desirable
to ensure consistency between design
intent , manufacturing and inspection.
When a common engineering language
required.

What is high quality

Quality : A measure of part or
assemblys ability to meet the design
intent.

( Conformance to Requirements)
Quality is not about tighter tolerances

Tighter Tolerance = Higher

costs

Why use GD&T

It saves money by providing
manufacturing with the maximum
functional production tolerances.
It ensures that design requirements
are carried out.
It ensures interchangeability of
mating parts at assembly.
It provides a common language.
It saves time

Size Tolerance vs Cost

Increase

Cost of manufacturing due to hole

location tolerance

Unnecessarily Tight Tolerances Cost

Money!
Tolerances should be calculated
Tolerances should be as large as
functionally possible.
Tolerances should be communicated
clearly and understandably.
Tolerances should be able to be
inspected consistently.

Advantages of using
Symbols
Symbols have uniform meaning
Symbols can be placed on the
drawing where the control applies.
Symbols are an international
language and overcome language
barriers.
Symbols are compatible with CAD
Systems.

Standard Language?

The GD&T Language

Four Ways to Control a

Feature

Size
Form
Orientation
Location

Size Controls
Features of size are usually
controlled with nominal
dimensions and size
tolerances.

Form Controls

Orientation Controls

Location Controld

Combination controls Runout and

Profile

Flange

Does this part meet the

Print?

On the center line? On Which

Center Line?

Distance Between Holes

What is the report of CMM?

Hole Pattern Controls

3D Tolerance Zones

Sketch the Tolerance Zone for 31.8

Dia

As long s the Feature

One complete solution

Second Solution

What is Feature?
Features are specific component
portions of part and may include one
or more surfaces such as holes,
screw threads,profiles,faces or slots
Features are something You Can
Touch( or at least see)

There are two types of

Features
Features of Size
Having Opposing Elements
There are only three Classic, or Regular
Features of size
1. Widths(Tabs & Slots)
2.Cylinders (Pins & Holes)
3. Spheres (Balls & Sockets)
Irregular Features of Size
Features of Non Size or Surface Features

Exercise
How many features of Size

What GD&T tools we have to control

coaxiality

Basic Dimension
(Theoretically Exact Dimension)
A numerical value used to describe
the theoretically exact size ,profile,
orientation, or location of a feature or
datum target. Basic Dimensions
establish the perfect orientation and
location ( and sometime the size of)
tolerance zones within which
variation are allowed.

Three Basic Dimension

Method

Three Basic Dimension

Method

Implied Zero Basic

Dimension

Basic Dimension Decimal

Places

What I am going to get out of this

class?

Three Big
concepts

3 Big Conepts
Datum's
Rule # 1 (Perfect form at MMC)
Material condition Modifiers
MMC/MMB, LMC/LMB, RFS/RMB

3 Big Concepts
DATUMS

IMMOBILIZE

DATUM REFERENCE FRAME

Coordinate system

Where on a drawing these datum

reference frames are specified?

 Feature Control Define:

Datum Reference Frame
Tolerance Zone (Size & Shape)
Material Conditions ( Affects TZ Size)
Geometric Characteristics

1. Datums IMMOBILIZE

DRF -- Coordinate System

Feature Control Frame
Define DRF
Define tolerance zone ( Size & Shape)
Define Material Condition
Define Geometric Characteristic
Basic Dimension Tol.Zone (Shape &
Orientation)

2. Rule # 1
Unless otherwise specified , Size
tolerances imposes form tolerance
Perfect form at MMC

3. Material Condition Modifiers

MMC/MMB- Bonus Tolerance
LMC/LMB- Bonus Tolerance
RFS/RMB- No Bonus Tolerance

Maximum Material
Condition
Condition of a part where it contains
the maximum amount of material.
Symbol:M
Abbreviation : MMC

MMC Hole/MMC Pin

MMC
What does it do?

1:1 Ratio
The Relationship between size and
location is one to one
Maximum Material Conditions is
description of reality that when taken
into consideration will ensure 100%
interchangeability.