FUZZY BASED COORDINATED

CONTROL DESIGN FOR AVR AND PSS

IN MULTI-MACHINE POWER SYSTEMS

GUIDED BY

SUBMITTED BY

Mrs. BINDU V

ATHIRA XAVIER
Roll No.66

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CONVENTIONAL PSS AND AVR

CONVENTIONAL AVR PSS BASED CONTROL

TEST SYSTEM

FUZZY BASED COORDINATED CONTROL

INPUT SIGNALS AND NORMALIZATION

FUZZIFICATION

FUZZY RULE BASE AND INFERENCE MECHANISM

DEFUZZIFICATION AND SCALING FACTORS

SIMULATION RESULT

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

INTRODUCTION

The multi machine power systems have been threatened by

different disturbances, this may cause the instability and
change in terminal voltage of the alternators.

For avoiding this problem the AVR and PSS are installed on the
alternators.

The main aim is stability improvement and optimal control in

power system.
3

contd.

Introducing the performance of intelligent fuzzy based

coordinated control for Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and
Power System Stabilizer (PSS).

The main aim is

to prevent losing synchronism after a major sudden fault

to achieve appropriate post fault voltage level in multi-machine

power systems.

It has a fuzzy logic unit which

accepts change in terminal voltage and speed variation as its inputs

generates required weightage for the transient controller and the

voltage controller.
4

CONVENTIONAL PSS

"Power system stability is the ability of an electrical power

system, for given operating conditions, to regain its state of
operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical
disturbance, with the system variables bounded, so that the
entire system remains intact and the service remains
uninterrupted".

Traditionally the excitation system regulates the generated

voltage thus controlling the system voltage.

CONVENTIONAL PSS

The AVR are found extremely suitable for this controlling.

But extensive use of AVR has detrimental effect on steady
state stability of the power system as oscillations of low
frequencies persist in the power system.

For damping these oscillations power system stabilizer were

developed.

The basic operation of PSS is to apply a signal to the

excitation system that creates damping torque which is in
phase with the rotor oscillations.

CONVENTIONAL PSS

FUZZY
LOGIC
7

CONVENTIONAL PSS

As PSS damps oscillations by regulating generator field

voltage it results in swing of VAR output.

So the PSS gain is chosen carefully so that gain margin of VAR

swing should be acceptable.

A control enhancement may be needed during the

loading/un-loading or loss of generation when large
fluctuations in the frequency and speed may act through the
PSS and drive the system towards instability.
8

CONVENTIONAL AVR

To control the output of generators automatic voltage

regulators are used.

An automatic voltage regulator (or AVR for short) consists of

several components such as diodes, capacitors, resistors and
potentiometers or even microcontrollers, all placed on a
circuit board.

Basically the AVR function for generator is to ensure voltage

generated from power generator running smooth to maintain
the stable voltage in specified limit.
9

CONVENTIONAL AVR

10

CONVENTIONAL AVR PSS BASED CONTROL

A modern excitation system contains components like AVR,

PSS, and filters,

which help in stabilizing the system and maintaining almost

constant terminal voltage.

These components can be analog or digital depending on the

complexity, viability, and operating conditions.
11

CONVENTIONAL AVR PSS BASED CONTROL

12

TEST SYSTEM

13

SIMULATION RESULT

14

NEED OF ADAPTIVE METHODS

The low frequency oscillation problem is dealt with using

conventional POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER.

The PSS provide the supplementary damping signal to

suppress the above mentioned oscillations and increase
overall stability of the system. But these conventional PSS
use transfer functions of highly linearized models around a
particular operating point.

So these systems are unable to provide satisfactory

operations over wide ranges of operating conditions.
15

NEED OF ADAPTIVE METHODS

To overcome this problem artificial intelligence based

approaches has been developed.

These include fuzzy logic (FL), neural network (NN), and

genetic algorithm (GA).

Fuzzy Logic based controller shows great potential to damp

out local mode oscillations especially when made adaptive.

16

FUZZY BASED COORDINATED CONTROL

Fuzzy logic is an artificial method that independent from the complexity,

nonlinearity and mathematical models of study units.

Algorithm for controller design based on fuzzy logic for a dynamical system:

Step 1: Understanding of the system dynamic behavior characteristics.

Define the states and input/output control variables and their variation
ranges.

Step 2: Identify appropriate fuzzy sets and membership functions. Create

the degree of fuzzy membership function for each input/output variable
and complete fuzzification.

Step 3: Define a suitable inference engine. Construct the fuzzy rule base,
using the control rules that the system will operate under. Decide how the
action will be executed by assigning strengths to the rules.

Step 4: Determine defuzzification method. Combine the rules and defuzzify

17
the output.

18

INPUT SIGNALS AND NORMALIZATION

The fuzzy controller has two inputs: terminal voltage deviation and
phase difference for voltage regulation and stability enhancement
correspondingly.

At power system with fault occurrence the terminal voltage deviation

and phase difference maybe unlimited. To limit these deviations, a
normalization method is applied.

19

FUZZIFICATION

In real world many phenomena and measures are not crisp

and deterministic. Fuzzification plays an important role in
dealing with uncertain information, which might be
objective or subjective in nature.

In fuzzy controller, fuzzification block represents the process

of making crisp quantity into fuzzy (linguistic variable ). This
conversion is made possible using the membership functions
stored in the fuzzy knowledge base.
20

21

FUZZY RULE BASE AND INFERENCE

MECHANISM

Knowledge rule base consists of information storage for linguistic variables

definitions (data base) and fuzzy rules (control base).

A lookup table is made based on the discrete universes that defines the output of
a controller for all possible combinations of inputs.

A fuzzy system is characterized by a set of linguistic statements in the form of

IF-THEN rules.

The inference engine uses the IF-THEN rules to convert the fuzzy input to the
fuzzy output.

Fuzzy inference is the kernel of a fuzzy logic system .

22

The performed fuzzy rules are given in Table I.

23

DEFUZZIFICATION AND SCALING FACTORS

Defuzzification converts the fuzzy output to the crisp

using membership functions analogous to the ones used by
the fuzzification.

Centroid method has been used for the defuzzification.

The scaling factors are necessary to provide acceptable

gains for AVR and PSS controllers.
24

SIMULATION RESULTS

25

SIMULATION RESULTS

The effective generators in each area has been equipped

with fuzzy unit.

Generator 2 in area I is the swing bus and generator 4 in area

II has more power rate.

These two generators have been selected as the effective

generators in the power system.

Outage of generator can be account a sever fault in the

power systems. Thus here considering the fault scenario
after outage of generator 3.

26

27

CONCLUSION

The AVR and PSS are the local controllers for the power
system stabilizing and voltage regulation for the normal
operation. For appropriate performance after fault it is
necessary to have a coordination between these two
controllers.

This seminar suggests a fuzzy-based coordinated control

design for best tuning of AVR-PSS gain after faults.

The fuzzy unit accepts the normalized voltage deviation and

phase difference as its two inputs and generate suitable AVR
and PSS gains in acceptable intervals.

This method has been investigated with a conventional AVRPSS on 11-bus 2-area power system case study. Result shows
the efficiency and robustness of this fuzzy control method.

28

REFERENCES

P. Kundur, J. Paserba, V. Ajjarapu, G. Andersson, A. Bose, C.Canizares, N.

Hatziargyriou, D. Hill, A.Stankovic, C. Taylor, T.Van Cutsem, and V. Vittal, Definition
and classification of power system stability, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no.
2,pp. 13871401, May 2004.

Introduction to neural networks using mat lab 6.0 by S N Sivanandam, S Sumathi, S N

Deepa

P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. New York:McGraw Hill, 1994.

Dehghani M, Nikravesh SKY. Decentralized nonlinear Hcontroller for large scale power
system. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Syst. 2011;33:1389

Young-Hua Song and Allan T.Johns, Applications of fuzzy logic in power systems,
Power Engineering Journal , vol.11,no.5, pp.219,222, Oct. 1997.

H. Bevrani and T. Hiyama, Intelligent Automatic Generation Control. New York: CRC,
Apr. 2011.

29