BACTERIA

ON YOUR
CLOTHES
VIRUS IN
YOUR
NOSE

BACTERIA & VIRUSES

Look out, youre surrounded! Bacteria and

viruses are all around us.
Examples:
Bacteria Used in Food Making
Bacteria used in Digestion (E. coli)
Some bacteria cause disease (pathogenic)
ALL viruses cause disease (all pathogenic)

Bacteria
Structure

Prokaryotic

LIVING, microscopic and lacking

internal membranes

Bacteria cells
are usually
much smaller
than plant and
animal cells
and do not
contain as
many internal
structures.

Bacteria cells
contain cytoplasm
surrounded by a
cell membrane and
a cell wall.
Its hereditary
material is found in
the cytoplasm.

Some bacteria have a thick, gellike capsule around the cell wall
to protect it.

Bacteria in moist environments

have whiplike tails called flagella
that help them move.

Let's review
what we know
about bacteria.

Archaebacteria
and
Eubacteria

Archaebacteria

Bacteria that live in harsh

environments (extremophiles)
where few kinds of other
organisms can live:
* methanogens:
* thermophiles:
* halophiles

Eubacteria

The larger of the two groups of

bacteria. These usually live in
less harsh environments.

Most bacteria
are beneficial.
All bacteria
that cause
known
diseases are
eubacteria.

Bacteria can be classified according to:

1)Shape
2)Cell Walls
3)Movement
4)Metabolic diversity
(the way they obtain energy)

There are
three major
shapes of
bacteria.

Sphere-shaped bacteria (cocci)

sometimes grow in chains or in
clumps like a bunch of grapes.

Streptococcus
(strep throat)
Staphylococci
(responsible for
"staph" infections
and gangrene)

i
c
c
Co

Rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli)

can also form in chains. Some
types of these bacteria also
have whiplike structures called
flagella to help them move
around.
Escherichia coli or E.coli
(found in the intestines of
mammals)
Salmonella typhi
(causes typhoid fever and
food poisoning)

i
l
l
i
c
Ba

Spiral-shaped bacteria (spirilla)

can use their shape to propel
themselves by twisting like a
corkscrew.

Treponema
pallidumcho
lera
(syphilis)
Borrelia
burgdorferi
(Lyme la
l
i
r
i
p
Sdisease)

Bacteria are
often found
in groups
or colonies.

Bacterial
Colony Types

Monococcus - a single spherical bacterium, living alone

Diplococcus - two spherical bacteria, living in a pair
Streptococcus: chains of nearly spherical bacteria.
Streptobacillus: chains of rod-shaped bacteria.
Staphylococcus : spherical bacterium occurring in
grape-like clusters.
Staphylobacillus - a cluster of rod shaped bacteria

Streptococcus

Streptococcus: chains of
nearly spherical bacteria.

acillu
s

Streptobacillus: chains of rod-shaped bacteria.

hl o

co c

Staphylococcus : spherical bacterium

occurring in grape-like clusters.

cus

Othe
r way
s
to cla
s
and i sify
denti
fy
bacte
ria...

Gram stain

Some cell walls change colors when stained and other cell
walls do not. The bacteria that have the stained cell walls
are called Gram positive (have much peptidoglycan in cell
walls). The bacteria with cell walls that do not stain are
called Gram negative (no peptidoglycan). Doctors
regularly use gram staining to select the proper antibiotic
to treat bacterial infections.

How
do
bacte
r
ia
repro
duce?

Bacteria reproduce by means of

binary fission, in which a copy of the
DNA is made and then the outer
membrane of the bacterium begins
to grow inward and divides into two
identical cells.
Also, to exchange genetic material
one bacterium attaches itself to
another bacterium and introduces
DNA directly into it by means of a
pilus through the process of
conjugation.

*SmartNotebook video

Some bacteria are

able to produce
thick walls around
themselves when
evironmental
conditions are
unfavorable. They
form an endospore
and can become
dormant for
hundreds of years.

Conjugation

Bacteria dividing

Aerobic
Anaerobic
Heterotrophic

Autotrophic

bacteria require oxygen to

survive
bacteria can live with or
without oxygen
bacteria use other organisms
for energy
bacteria produce their own
food through photosynthesis

Bact
eria
and
y o ur
He a l
th

Bacteria doesnt
just make you
sick, it can also
keep you
healthy. You
cannot survive
without some
bacteria living in
or on your body.
(Ex: E. coli in
digestive tract)

produce
chemicals
called
antibiotics that
limit the growth
of other
bacteria.
Overuse of
antibiotics has
led to more
resistant
bacteria.

Pathogen
Bacteria that cause disease are
called pathogens.
A vaccine is made from a
deadened or weakenend version
of a virus or bacterium.
Immunization with certain
vaccines can prevent other
bacterial diseases.

Toxins

Many pathogens produce

poisons called toxins as they
grow in your body or as they
grow in food that you might eat.

Botulism is a
type of food
poisoning that
is the result of
a toxin
produced by
bacteria
whose
endospores
can survive in
canned food.

Bacteria
and
Industry

Food made
with bacteria

Cheeses, buttermilk,
chocolate, vinegar,
sauerkraut

Pasteurization is a process
that is used to kill most
harmful bacteria and lengthen
the time foods can be stored
without spoiling.

Quiz time!

Courtesy of:

At any given
time you have
about a billion
bacteria on
every tooth in
your mouth.

True.
Warm and moist, your
mouth is a breeding
ground for bacteria.
Some of these bacteria
feed on bits of food
trapped between the
teeth. Immediately after
brushing you still have
up to a hundred
thousand bacteria living
on each tooth!

Photograph by David Scharf/Peter Arnold Inc.

Swamps produce terrible

odors because owls shower
them with nasty-smelling
antibacterial sprays.

False.
Swampy areas are filled
with wet, rotting vegetation.
Plants rot as bacteria feed
on them. In the process of
feeding in these watery
areas where there is very
little air, bacteria known as
methanogens produce a
number of gasesincluding
methane and sulfides, which
smell like rotten eggs.
Art by Scott Angle

There are millions of

species of bacteria that
can make people ill.

False.
Of the thousands of
species of bacteria, only a
handful make people ill.
The rod-shaped bacteria
above cause bubonic
plague, a disease that is
carried by rodents and
fleas. Bubonic plague kills
about 1,500 people a year
Photograph by CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.
worldwide. This bacteria
tends to get more
attention than the more
common good bacteria.

People use bacteria to

clean up after oil spills.

True.
Scientists have
discovered that several
kinds of bacteria can live
on a diet of oil. Now if an
oil pipe leaks, spilling its
contents on the ground,
cleanup crews know how
to deal with the mess.
They cart in bacteria-rich
soil and pile it onto the
contaminated site. Then
they sit back and let the
bacteria eat the oil up!

Art by Scott Angle

Bacteria
dont often
reproduce.

False.
Bacteria reproduce by
dividing, some
lickety-splitting in
half once every 12 to
20 minutes. At that
rate, one bacterium
can produce billions of
offspring in a day.

Photograph by Manfred Kage / Peter Arnold, Inc.

Le
t's
BA
ma
CT
ER ke
IA!

e
r
u
t
c
u
r
t
S
l
a
r
Vi

Is a Virus Alive?

Viruses do NOT have all the

characteristics of life (no
cells/no machinery for
protein synthesis) and are
therefore not considered to

Viral Structure
ALL Viruses
consist of:
segments of
a nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA)
contained in
a protein
coat

Structure of Adenovirus
Causes Respiratory Diseases

Some viruses have

an envelope
surrounding the
capsid.
Outside the
envelope
glycoproteins are
attached.
Glycoproteins on
the virus attach to
receptors on the
cell surface.
When this
happens, the cell
allows the virus to
enter.

Envelope

Glycoprotein
s

Structures of TMV and

Influenza Virus
Causes Tobacco Mosaic Virus and the
Flu

Structure of Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage is a virus that
infects a bacteria.

Bacteriophage Attacking
Cell

Structure of HIV
Causes AIDS

s
e
s
u
r
i
v
o
d
How
?
e
c
u
d
o
r
p
re

Viral Reproduction
Viruses lack enzymes and structures to make
proteins (no ribosomes).
Therefore viruses, depend on living cells to replicate
and use the energy of the host cell to carry out
reproductive processes.
They enter a cell by:
injecting their genetic material into the cell
slipping through tears in a plant cell wall
binding to molecules on the cell surface and
triggering endocytosis (cell engulfment)

2 Viral Pathways

Follow the link below to view an animation of

a virus infecting human cells:

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.
php?storyId=114075029&sc=nl&cc=es-2009112
9

HIV Infection
1)A glycoprotein
on HIV
attaches to
the CD4
receptor on a
cell.
2) A second HIV
glycoprotein
attaches to
the CCR5
receptor on
the cell.
HIV infects cells called macrophages in your

3)The cell then

allows the viral
capsid to enter the
cell and the viral
RNA is released
into the cell.
4)The viral RNA is
converted to viral
DNA using an
enzyme known as
reverse
transcriptase.

5) The viral DNA

integrates into the
host cell DNA.
6) The viral DNA
will use the host
cells ribosomes to
make more copies
of the virus.
7) The new viruses
are released from
the host cell by
budding.
8) Newly released
viruses infect more
cells.

 After a period of time, the

HIV viruses will mutate
and begin to infect Tcells.
T-cells die once infected
with HIV.
T-cells are a major
component of the bodys
immune system.
The disease AIDS forms
as the immune system
becomes weakened as Tcells are being
destructed.

ALL viruses are

PATHOGENIC!
Do you know what
this means?

Virus is Latin for "poison"