SOLAR HIGHWAY LIGHTING WITH

AUTO TURN OFF ON DAY TIME

PRESENTED
BY :Under the guidance of :K. Sreepal reddy.
M.TECH

B.Prapul
Ch.Rakesh
Ch.Sahithi
K.Rithvik
T.Priyanka

(12c01a0205)
(12c01a0211)
(12c01a0213)
(12c01a0227)
(12c01a0242)

SCIENT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Contents :

Abstract
Introduction
Automatic street light control
Block Diagram
Individual Block Diagram Explanation
Conclusion

OBJECTIVE:The Main Aim Of This Project Is:The main aim of the project is Automatic street
power saving system with LDR, this is to save the
power. We want to save power automatically
instead of doing manual.

INTRODUCTION:Solar Energy: The Sun is 93 million miles away.

A tiny fraction of the Suns energy hits the Earth is
enough to meet all our power needs many times over. In
fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth to
meet our whole demands for a year.
We call the energy from the sun, as solar energy.

 Just the tiny fraction of the Suns energy hits the

Earth.
Solar energy is transmitted to the earth in the
form of radiant energy.
In addition to providing the energy that sustains
the world, solar energy is stored in fossil fuels and
biomass, and is responsible for powering the
water cycle and producing wind.

Solar Radiation:-

 Solar energy is radiation produced by nuclear

fusion inside the suns core. It takes 8 minutes to
travel 93 million miles to earth. (186,000 miles
per second)
Even though the Sun provides enough energy
arriving at the Earth to meet our demands for a
whole year, this energy is spread all over the
surface of the earth, and therefore require a large
area to collect a useful amount.

Automatic Street
Light Control System: This project aims at designing and executing the
advanced development in embedded systems for
energy saving of street lights with light
depending resistor
Nowadays, human has become too busy and he
is unable to find time even to switch off the
lights wherever not necessary. This can be seen
more effectively in the case of street lights.

 The present system is like, the street lights will be

switched on in the evening before the sun sets
and they are switched off the next day morning
after there is sufficient light on the roads
But the actual timings for these street lights to be
switched on are when there is absolute darkness.
With this, the power will be wasted up to some
extent.
This project gives the best solution for electrical
power wastage. Also the manual operation of the
lighting system is completely eliminated.

Block Diagram:-

Solar
panel

LDR

Amplifier

Switch

Street
Light

Solar Panel: A panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a

source of energy for generating electricity or
heating.
Solar panels are devices that convert light into
electricity. They are called "solar" panels because
most of the time, the most powerful source of light
available is the Sun, called Sol by astronomers.
Some scientists call them photovoltaics which
means, basically, "light-electricity. A solar panel is
a collection of solar cells.

Photovoltaics (PV): Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly

into electricity, and are potentially one of the
most useful of the renewable energy
technologies.
The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block
of a PV system.
Individual cells can vary in sizes from about 1cm
to about 10 cm across.

 The first PV cells were converting light to

electricity at 1 to 2 percent efficiency.
Todays PV devices convert up to 17 percent of
the radiant energy that strikes them into electric
energy.

PV System Components:-

 Solar PV SystemSolar cells produce direct

current (DC), therefore they are only used for DC
equipments. If alternating current (AC) is
needed for AC equipments or backup energy is
needed, solar photovoltaic systems require other
components in addition to solar modules. The
components of a solar photovoltaic system are:
1. Solar Module is the essential component of any
solar PV system that converts sunlight directly
into DC electricity.

2. Solar Charge Controller regulates voltage and

current from solar arrays, charges the battery,
prevents battery from overcharging and also
performs controlled over discharges.
3. Battery stores current electricity that produces
from solar arrays for using when sunlight is not
visible, nighttime or other purposes.
4. Inverter is a critical component of any solar PV
system that converts DC power output of solar
arrays into AC for AC appliances.

 One PV cell only produces 1 or 2 watts of electricity,

which isn't enough power for most applications.
To Increase power groups of solar cells are
electrically connected and packaged into packaged
weather-tight modules and arrays to provide useful
output voltages and currents to provide a specific
power output.
A PV System typically consists of 3 basic
components.

 PV cells - Electricity is generated by PV cells,

the smallest unit of a PV system.
Modules - PV cells are wired together to
form modules which are usually a sealed,
or encapsulated, unit of convenient size
for handling.
Arrays Groups of panels make up an
array.

Light Dependent Resistor(LDR):-

 A light dependent resistor is a resistor whose

resistance changes with the intensity of incident
light.
A LDR is made
semiconductor

up

of

high

resistance

Resistance of LDR decreases with increase in

intensity of light and vice-versa.
Light sensitive material is arranged in the form of
a long strip, zig-zagged across a disc shaped base
with protective sides.

 For additional protection, a glass or plastic cover

may be included the two ends of the strip are
brought out to connecting pins below the base
as shown in fig.

 These devices depend on the light, when light

falls on the LDR then the resistance decreases,
and increases in the dark.
When a LDR is kept in the dark place, its
resistance is high and, when the LDR is kept in
the light its resistance will decrease.
Hence, LDR is used in applications where
human vision is a factor such as streetlight
control.

Amplifier: The main aim of the amplifier is it increases the output

voltage.
It does this by taking energy from a power supply and
controlling the output to match the input signal shape
but with a larger amplitude

There are three types of Amplifiers they are:

A. Common Base.
B. Common Collector.
C. Common Emitter.

 Compared in this three types of amplifier mostly

Common emitter is prefered.
It transists the input voltage to High (required)
output voltage and that device is known as
amplifier.

TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH: Bipolar transistor has three regions of operation:

a) The cut-off region
b) The Linear or Active region
c) Saturation region
) When using the bipolar transistor as a switch
they must be either fully-OFF or fully-ON. when
used as a switch, the bipolar transistor is
operated in the cut-off region.

 Transistors that are fully ON are said to be in

their saturation region and transistor that are
fully OFF are said to be in their Cut-off region.
Transistor switches can be used to switch and
control lamps relays or even motors.

STREET LIGHT: Streetlight is the output of the circuit. In this

circuit, it has been replaced by LED.
Light-emitting diodes are element for light
signalization in electronics.
The basic principal behind the working of LED is
electroluminescence.
The Light emitting diode should be forward
biased to get the light.

 The main advantages of LED over other light

sources is its increased efficiency.
LEDS are available in red, orange, yellow,
green, blue and white. Blue and white LEDs are
much more expensive than the other colours.

Conclusion:By employing this circuit, energy

consumption can be reduced considerably as the
light switches ON or OFF automatically in
appropriate time. Moreover , error which occur
due to manual operation also can be eliminated
completely. The Automatic street light controller
unit fabrication is cost-effective with good
sensitivity and construction of the circuit is also
simple so that it can be done easily.