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a Se unen al sitio
I y al sitio II
1: sitio de unin
preferente
2: sitio de unin
secundario.
a)
b)
c)
d)
ENZYMES
Phase 1 "oxygenases"
Cytochrome P450s (P450 or CYP)
Flavin-containing monooxygenases
(FMO)
Epoxide hydrolases (mEH, sEH)
REACTIONS
Phase 2 "transferases"
Sulfotransferases (SULT)
Addition of sulfate
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT)
Glutathione-S-transferases (GST)
Addition of glutathione
N-acetyltransferases (NAT)
Methyltransferases (MT)
Other enzymes
Alcohol dehydrogenases
Reduction of alcohols
Aldehyde dehydrogenases
Reduction of aldehydes
Reduction of quinones
mEH and sEH are microsomal and soluble epoxide hydrolase. UDP, uridine
diphosphate; NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
The figure shows increasingly microscopic levels of detail, sequentially expanding the areas within
the black boxes. CYPs are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER). Most of the enzyme is located on the cytosolic surface of the ER. A second enzyme, NADPHcytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, transfers electrons to the CYP where it can, in the presence of
O2, oxidize xenobiotic substrates, many of which are hydrophobic and dissolved in the ER. A single
NADPH-CYP oxidoreductase species transfers electrons to all CYP isoforms in the ER. Each CYP
contains a molecule of iron-protoporphyrin IX that functions to bind and activate O 2. Substituents
on the porphyrin ring are methyl (M), propionyl (P), and vinyl (V) groups.
DRUG
Acebutolol
Amantadine
INDICATION
Arrhythmias, hypertension
Influenza A, parkinsonism
Mean plasma
concentratio
ns of
nortriptyline
after a single
25-mg oral
dose are
shown in
subjects with
0, 1, 2, 3, or
13 functional
CYP2D6
genes.
N Engl J Med
348;6:529
www.nejm.org
february 6,
Functional Consequences
of Genetic
Polymorphisms in the
Human P- Glycoprotein
Transporter Gene ABCB1
(or MDR1).
Each circle represents an
amino acid and each color a
different exon encoding the
corresponding amino acids.
Two single-nucleotide
polymorphisms in the
human ABCB1 gene have
been associated with
altered drug disposition
(Panels A, B, C, and E) or
altered
drug effects (Panel
When a drug such as atorvastatin (Ligand) enters the cell, it can bind to a nuclear
receptor such as the pregnane X receptor (PXR). PXR then forms a complex with the
retinoid X receptor (RXR), binds to DNA upstream of target genes, recruits coactivator
(which binds to the TATA box binding protein, TBP), and activates transcription. Among
PXR target genes are CYP3A4, which can metabolize the atorvastatin and decrease its
cellular concentration. Thus, atorvastatin induces its own metabolism. Atorvastatin
undergoes both ortho and para hydroxylation.
RECEPTOR
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)
LIGANDS
Omeprazole
Phenobarbital
9-cis-Retinoic acid
Rifampin
Bile acids
Vitamin D
Fibrates
all-trans-Retinoic acid
Los frmacos se excretan, por va urinaria, va biliarentrica, sudor, saliva, leche y epitelios descamados.
La excrecin tiene inters en cuanto a que se trata
de uno de los mecanismos por los que se eliminan
del organismo los frmacos y sus metabolitos
(excrecin renal y biliar) y tambin por la posibilidad
de tratar enfermedades localizadas en dichos
rganos de excrecin (p. ej., infecciones urinarias).
Indirectamente tiene inters para valorar el riesgo
que pueda representar la excrecin por la leche para
el lactante y para estudiar la cintica de algunos
frmacos mediante las determinaciones salivares de
antiepilpticos, antipirina o teofilina.
Los frmacos
eliminados a la luz
intestinal en forma
activa a travs de la
bilis o del epitelio
intestinal pueden
reabsorberse
pasivamente en el
intestino a favor de
un gradiente de
concentracin.
Estos procesos dan
origen a una
circulacin
enteroheptica en
que parte del
frmaco que pasa a
la luz intestinal es
reabsorbido, lo que
retrasa la cada de
las concentraciones
plasmticas y
prolonga la duracin
del efecto.
N Engl J Med
2003;349:115
7-67.
N Engl J
Med
2003;349
:1157-67.
yr
Length
Body
50% by 1 yr
Caloric
1 year
expenditures 3- to 4- fold by
Neonate
Infants
Children
>5
4 to 2
Nl (2-3)
Sl
Irregular
Sl
Adult
Adult
Microbial colonization
Adult
Adult
Immature
Adult
Adult
adult
rate
Adult
Adult
Biliary function
Muscular blood flow
Skim permeability
Adult
erratic
IM absorption
Percutaneous absorption
Variable
Rectal absorption
efficient
efficient
Adult
< adult
> adult
> adult
Pre-systemic CL
PK
Neonate
Infants
Children
Hydrophilic dugs
Sl
Hydrophobic drugs
Sl
Sl
Free fraction
Sl
Tissue/Plasma ratio
Physiologic alteration
Active drug excretion
Neonate
Infants
Children
Adult
Adult
Adult
Adult
Increased sensitivity
Verapamil; arrest
Decreased sensitivity
Aminoglycoside; nephrotoxicity
Digoxin toxicity
Problems
Pharmacology
Physiological
Function
Disease
Pharmacodynamics
Drugs Used
Outcome
Adverse
Effects
Drug
Interaction
Mental Acuity
Compliance
Income
Effect
Physiological Changes
Inc.
gastric pH
Affected Drugs
No
Physiological Changes
total body water : plasma volume, intracellular water
lean body mass
adipose tissue
Volume of Distribution
-- water soluble drug (acetaminophen, ethanol, cimetidine)
-- lipid-soluble drug (diazepam, lidocaine) : T1/2
Gender effect -- more fat & less lean body mass of female
metabolism
diuretics,
CLcr)
Toxicity monitoring ; ECG > TDM
Diuretics
Dec. effect
Dec. CL in male (unchanged in female)
Therapeutic class
1. Calcium channel blocker
2. Digitalis
3. Antiarthritics, system
4. Diuretics
5. ACE inhibitors
6. Nitrites/nitrates
7. b-blockers
8. Cephalosporins
9. Antispasmodics
10. Antidiabetic, insulin
4.2
3.3
2.8
(1991, USA)
10
1
0
10