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POKOK BAHASAN
Mata
LITERATUR
Richard,
research
(OR)
is
a
discipline explicitly devoted to aiding
decision makers. This section reviews
the terminology of OR, a process for
addressing practical decision problems
and the relation between Excel models
and OR.
Linear Programming
A typical mathematical program consists of a single
Integer Programming
Integer
Nonlinear Programming
When expressions defining the objective
Dynamic Programming
Dynamic
programming
(DP)
models
are
represented in a different way than other
mathematical programming models. Rather than
an objective function and constraints, a DP
model describes a process in terms of states,
decisions, transitions and returns. The process
begins in some initial state where a decision is
made. The decision causes a transition to a new
state. Based on the starting state, ending state
and decision a return is realized. The process
continues through a sequence of states until
finally a final state is reached. The problem is to
find the sequence that maximizes the total
return.
Stochastic Programming
The
mathematical
programming
models, such as linear programming,
network
flow
programming
and
integer
programming
generally
neglect the effects of uncertainty and
assume that the results of decisions
are predictable and deterministic.
This abstraction of reality allows large
and complex decision problems to be
modeled and solved using powerful
computational methods.
Combinatorial Optimizatio
The most general type of optimization problem
nand one that is applicable to most spreadsheet
models
is
the
combinatorial
optimization
problem. Many spreadsheet models contain
variables and compute measures of effectiveness.
The spreadsheet user often changes the variables
in an unstructured way to look for the solution
that obtains the greatest or least of the measure.
In the words of OR, the analyst is searching for
the solution that optimizes an objective function,
the measure of effectiveness. Combinatorial
optimization provides tools for automating the
search for good solutions and can be of great
value for spreadsheet applications.
Stochastic Processes
In many practical situations the attributes
Terminology
OPERATIONS
ORGANIZATION
ANALYST
SYSTEMS
APPROACH
An approach to analysis that attempts to ascertain and include the
broad implications of decisions for the organization. Both quantitative
and qualitative factors are included in the analysis.
OPTIMAL SOLUTION
A solution to the model that optimizes (maximizes or minimizes)
some objective measure of merit over all feasible solutions -- the best
solution amongst all alternatives given the organizational, physical and
technological constraints.
OPERATIONS RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
A collection of general mathematical models, analytical procedures,
and optimization algorithms that have been found useful in
quantitative studies. These include linear programming, integer
programming, network programming, nonlinear programming, dynamic
programming, statistical analysis, probability theory, queuing theory,
stochastic processes, simulation, inventory theory, reliability, decision
analysis, and others. Operations research professionals have created
some of these fields while others derive from allied disciplines.
The first analytical step of the solution process is to formulate the problem in
more precise terms. At the formulation stage, statements of objectives, constraints
on solutions, appropriate assumptions, descriptions of processes, data
requirements, alternatives for action and metrics for measuring progress are
introduced. Because of the ambiguity of the perceived situation, the process of
formulating the problem is extremely important. The analyst is usually not the
decision maker and may not be part of the organization, so care must be taken to
get agreement on the exact character of the problem to be solved from those who
perceive it. There is little value to either a poor solution to a correctly formulated
problem or a good solution to one that has been incorrectly formulated.
Construct a Model
Find a Solution
The OR Process