Chapter 13 & 15

Population Growth and

Urbanization

Chapter Outline
The

Global Context: a World View of

Population Growth and Urbanization
Sociological Theories of Population
Growth and Urbanization
Social Problems Related to Population
Growth and Urbanization

Chapter Outline
Strategies

for Action: Responding to

Problems of Population Growth and
Urbanization

Understanding

Problems of Population
Growth, Population Decline, and
Urbanization

Demands of a Growing
Population

The collapse of Interstate 35W could be blamed on the

governments failure to provide adequate funding for
repair and maintenance of bridges. But another factor is
the increasing demands a growing population places on
our nations infrastructure, especially in urban areas.

World Population: History,

Trends, and Projections
For

99% of human history population growth

was restricted by disease and food supplies.

This

continued until the mid-18th century,

when the Industrial Revolution improved the
standard of living for much of the world.
Improvements included better food, cleaner
drinking water, improved housing and
sanitation, and medical advances.

World Population Growth

Doubling Time
The

time it takes for a population to double in

size from any base year.

Doubling

times:

Several thousand years for the world population

to grow from 4 to 8 million
A few thousand years to grow from 8 to 16
million

Doubling Time

About 1,000 years to grow from 16 to 32 million

Less than 1,000 years to grow to 64 million.

The recent doubling, from 3 billion in 1960 to 6

billion in 1999, took about 40 years.

It will probably not double in size again.

Worlds 7 Largest Countries

Global Population Growth Is Driven

by Developing Countries

Population Density
The
The

number of people per unit of land area.

population density of India is 869 people

per square mile, compared with 80 people per
square mile in the United States.

Population Density
In

18 countries, the population density

is more 1,000 people per square mile.

As

a comparison:
Kern County: 69 people per sq mile
Los Angeles: 2183 people per sq mile
San Francisco: 15,502 people per sq
mile

Fertility Rates by Region

World

2.6

More-developed

1.7

Less-developed

2.7

Less-developed (excluding China)

3.1

Least-developed

4.6

Fertility Rate
Average

number of children born to each

woman.
Replacement

level fertility

The level required to maintain the population

size.

Population Momentum
Continued

population growth as a result of

past high fertility rates that have resulted in a
large number of young women who are
currently entering their childbearing years.

Despite

the below-replacement fertility rates in

more developed regions, population in these
regions is expected to continue to grow until
about 2030 and then to begin to decline.

Fertility
The

region of the
world with the
highest fertility rate
is Africa, where
women have an
average of five
children in their
lifetime.

Current Population Trends

Future

projections suggest that,

although the world population continues
to grow, it may never double again.

Fertility rates have dropped around the

world
A child born today may live to see
stabilization of the worlds population

Current Population Trends

and Future Projections
According

to the United Nations, the

worlds population is growing at an
annual rate of 1.14%, resulting in the
addition of 76 million people per year.

Projections

of future population growth

suggest that world population will grow
from 6.5 billion in 2005 to 9.1 billion in
2050.

Population Growth Rates and

Fertility Rates: 2005 and
2050

Question

There should be government

intervention in determining the
maximum number of children people
can have.
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree somewhat
C. Unsure
D. Disagree somewhat
E. Strongly disagree

Population Momentum

Continued population growth as a result of

past high fertility rates that have resulted in
a large number of young women who are
currently entering their childbearing years.

Despite the below-replacement fertility rates

in more developed regions, population in
these regions is expected to continue to grow
until about 2030 and then to begin to
decline.

Population Trends
1.

The total number of people on this

planet is rising and is expected to
continue to increase over the coming
decades.

2.

About 40% of the worlds population

lives in countries in which couples have
so few children that the countries
populations are likely to decline over the
coming years.

Urbanization
Transformation

urban one.

of a society from a rural to an

Urban

population - Persons living in cities or

towns of 2,500 or more residents.

Urbanized

area - One or more places and

the adjacent densely populated surrounding
area that together have a minimum population
of 50,000.

Mega-cities

or more.

- Cities with 10 million residents

Urban Skyline

Suburbanization
As

more and more people moved to the

suburbs, urban areas surrounding central
cities, the United States underwent
suburbanization.

As

city residents left the city to live in the

suburbs, cities experienced deconcentration,
the redistribution of the population from cities
to suburbs and surrounding areas.

Question

If you could live anywhere in the

United States that you wanted to,
would you prefer a city, suburban
area, small town, or farm?
A.
B.
C.
D.

City
Suburban area
Small town
Farm

U.S. Metropolitan Growth and

Urban Sprawl
A

metropolitan area is a densely

populated core area together with
adjacent communities.

The

largest city in each metropolitan

area is designated the central city.

U.S. Metropolitan Growth and

Urban Sprawl
The

growth of metropolitan areas is

often referred to as urban sprawlthe
ever increasing outward growth of urban
areas.

Urban

sprawl results in the loss of green

open spaces, the displacement and
endangerment of wildlife, traffic
congestion and noise, and pollution
liabilities.

Los Angeles Traffic

Decline in Available Cropland

Structural-Functionalist
Perspective
Focuses

on how changes in one aspect

of the social system affect other aspects
of society.

The

demographic transition theory

of population describes how
industrialization has affected population
growth.

Structural-Functionalist
Perspective
The

development of urban areas is

functional for societal development.

Urbanization

is also dysfunctional,
because it leads to increased rates of
anomie as the bonds between
individuals and social groups become
weak.

Demographic Transition Theory

Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies little population growth, high birth rates

offset by high death rates.

Stage 2: Early Industrialization significant population growth, birth rates

are relatively high, death rates decline.

Demographic Transition
Theory
Stage

3: Advanced Industrialization
and Urbanization - very little population
growth occurs, birth rates and death rates
are low.

Stage

4: Postindustrialization - birth
rates decline as more women are
employed and raising children becomes
more costly.

Demographic Transition
Theory

Demographic Transition Theory

Preindustrial

Early
Industrial

Advanced
Industrial

Post
Industrial
Birth

Death

Pop

Demographic Transition Theory

Preindustrial

Early
Industrial

Advanced
Industrial

Post
Industrial
Birth

Death

Pop

Demographic Transition Theory

Preindustrial

Early
Industrial

Advanced
Industrial

Post
Industrial
Birth

Death

Pop

Demographic Transition Theory

Preindustrial

Early
Industrial

Advanced
Industrial

Post
Industrial
Birth

Death

Pop

Conflict Perspective
Emphasizes

the role of power, wealth and

profit motive in development of urban areas.

Capitalism

contributes to migration of rural

inhabitants to cities.

Individuals

and groups with wealth and power

influence decisions that affect urban
populations.

Symbolic Interactionist
Perspective
Focuses

on how meanings, labels, and definitions

affect population and environmental problems.
Women in pronatalistic societies learn that
control of fertility is socially unacceptable.

Efforts

to redefine cities in positive terms are

reflected in campaigns sponsored by convention
and visitors bureaus.

Distinctive

cultures and lifestyles of cities

influence their residents self-concepts, values
and behaviors.

Classical
View
Urban living Theoretical
emphasizes individuality
and
detachment from interpersonal relationships.
Primary

social bonds weaken in favor of

superficial social bonds.

Social

solidarity weakens leading to loneliness,

depression, stress.

Modern Theoretical View

Cities

do not interfere with functional and

positive interpersonal relationships.

Kinship

and ethnicity help bind people

together.

City

is a patchwork quilt of urban villages that

help individuals deal with the pressures of
urban living.

Percentage of Population
in
Urban Areas, by Year

Problems Associated with

Below-Replacement
In more than 1/3 of the worlds countries
Fertility
including China (1.79), Japan (1.23),
and all of Europefertility rates have
fallen below the 2.1 children
replacement level.
Low

fertility rates lead to an increasing

proportion of elderly members.

Problems Associated with

Below-Replacement
Low fertility results in fewer workers to
Fertility
support the pension, social security, and
health care systems for the elderly.
Below-replacement

fertility rates raise

concern about a countrys ability to maintain
a productive economy, because there may
not be enough future workers to replace
current workers as they age and retire.

Environmental Problems
and Resource Scarcity
Countries

that suffer most from

shortages of water, farmland, and food
are countries with the highest
population growth rates.

About

1/3 of the developing worlds

population live in countries with severe
water stress.

Environmental Problems
and
The Resource
impact that eachScarcity
person makes on the
environment, their environmental footprint,
is determined by their cultures patterns of
consumption.
The

environmental footprint of someone in a

high-income country is about 6 times bigger
than that of someone in a low-income country.

Urban Housing Problems

Slums

are concentrated areas of poor housing

and squalor in heavily populated urban areas.

In

the U.S., slums that are occupied primarily

by African Americans are known as ghettos,
and those occupied primarily by Latinos are
called barrios.

Nearly

one in three city dwellers worldwide live

in slums characterized by overcrowding, little
employment, and poor water, sanitation, and
health care services.

Global Insecurity
Rapid

population growth is a contributing

factor to global insecurity, including civil
unrest, war, and terrorism.

Developing

countries are characterized by a

youth bulgea high proportion of 15- to 29year-olds relative to the adult population.

The

combination of a youth bulge with other

characteristics of rapidly growing populations,
such as resource scarcity, high unemployment
rates, poverty, and rapid urbanization, sets the
stage for political unrest.

Poor Maternal, Infant, and

Child Health
In

developing countries one in four children is born

unwanted, increasing the risk of neglect and
abuse.

The

more children a woman has, the fewer the

parental resources (parental income and time and
maternal nutrition) and social resources (health
care and education) available to each child.

The

adverse health effects of high fertility on

women and children are, in themselves,
compelling reasons for providing women with
family planning services.

Transportation and Traffic

Problems
A

study of 85 U.S. urban areas found that in

2003 traffic congestion caused 3.7 billion
hours of traffic delay and wasted 2.3 billion
gallons of fuel.

The

average annual delay per traveler

increased from 16 hours in 1982 to 40 hours in
1993 and 47 hours in 2003.

Many

public roads in urban areas are afflicted

with what some call autosclerosis clogged
vehicular arteries that slow rush hour traffic to
a crawl or a stop, even when there are no
accidents or construction crews ahead.

Governments Views on
Population Growth Rate

Reasons for not Walking

More

Proposals to Create more

Walkable Communities

Regionalism
Collaboration

among central cities and

suburbs that encourages local
governments to share common
responsibilities for common problems.

Strategies for Reducing

Urban Growth in Developing
1. Promoting agricultural development in rural
Countries
areas.
2.

Providing incentives to industries and

businesses to relocate from urban to rural
areas.

Strategies for Reducing

Urban Growth in Developing
3. Providing incentives to encourage new
Countries
businesses in rural areas.
4.

Developing the infrastructure of rural areas,

including transportation systems, clean water
supplies, sanitary waste disposal systems,
and social services.

Annual Expenditures on Luxury

Items
Product

Annual Expenditure

Makeup

$18 billion

Pet food in Europe and the

United States

$17 billion

Perfume

$15 billion

Ocean cruises

$14 billion

Ice cream in Europe

$11 billion

Funding Needed For Basic Needs

Social or Economic Goal

Additional Annual
Investment Needed to
Achieve Goal

Reproductive health care for all

women

$12 billion

Elimination of hunger and

malnutrition

$19 billion

Universal literacy

$5 billion

Clean drinking water for all

$10 billion

Immunizing every child

$1.3 billion

Chapter 15- Urbanization

Do Activity Sheet 15-1 & 15-2
You can do Text Activities if you wish?
Do:
-Figure 15-1
-Figure 15-3
-Figure 15-4
-Figure 15-5
-Figure 15-7
-Figure 15-9
-Figure 15-10
-Figure 15-11
-Figure 15-15
-Figure 15-18
-Figure 15-19
-Figure 15-20
-Figure 15-21
-Figure 15-22