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System-Level
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Development
Design
Robust Concept
and System
Design
Detail
Detail
Design
Design
Robust
Parameter
Design
Testing
Testingand
and
Refinement
Refinement
Production
Production
Ramp-Up
Ramp-Up
Optimizing
Reducing product or process variations
Optimizing nominal performance
Robust Designs
A robust product or process performs
correctly, even in the presence of noise
factors.
Noise factors may include:
parameter variations
environmental changes
operating conditions
manufacturing variations
Sam
John
Sam
John
John requires
lengthy training.
Response to
Factor A
A1
A2
fB
Response to
Factor B
B1
B2
The P Diagram
Control Factors
Product
or
Process
Noise Factors
Performance Metrics
Parameter Diagram
Control Factors
Belt webbing stiffness
Belt webbing friction
Lap belt force limiter
Upper anchorage stiffness
Buckle cable stiffness
Front seatback bolster
Tongue friction
Attachment geometry
Passenger
Restraint
Process
Noise Factors
Performance Metrics
Back angle
Slip of buttocks
Hip rotation
Forward knee motion
Noise Factors
Quality of Ingredients (size of eggs, type of oil)
Following Directions (stirring time, measuring)
Equipment Variations (pan shape, oven temp)
Performance Metrics
Taste Testing by Customers
Sweetness, Moisture, Density
Smaller-the-Better
e.g. variance
= 1/ 2
Nominal-the-Best
e.g. target
= 1/(t)2
Signal-to-Noise
e.g. trade-off
= 10log[ 2/ 2]
nk= 32 = 9 trials
4 factors, 3 levels each:
nk= 34 = 81 trials
nk+1=
2x4+1 = 9 trials
1+k(n1)=
1+4(3-1) = 9 trials
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
C2
C3
C1
C3
C1
C2
D1
D2
D3
D3
D1
D2
D2
D3
D1
E1
F2
G1
E2
F1
G2
inner x outer =
L9 x L4 =
36 trials
E2
F2
G1
Winglet
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
B1
B2
B3
Nose
C1
C2
C3
C2
C3
C1
C3
C1
C2
Wing
D1
D2
D3
D3
D1
D2
D2
D3
D1
Trials
Mean
Std Dev
S/N
B1
A1
C3
13.0
12.0
11.0
A3
C2
B3
C1
A2
B2
D2
D1
Scaling factor?
10.0
Prediction of response:
E(Ai, Bj, Ck, Dl)] = + ai + bj + ck +dl
D3
Confounding Interactions
S/N
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
nk+1=
2x4+1 = 9 trials
C2
D3
References
Taguchi, Genichi and Clausing, Don
Robust Quality
Harvard Business Review, Jan-Feb 1990.
Byrne, Diane M. and Taguchi, Shin
The Taguchi Approach to Parameter Design
Quality Progress, Dec 1987.
Phadke, Madhav S.
Quality Engineering Using Robust Design
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1989.
Ross, Phillip J.
Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1988.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
N-
N+
N-
N+
Avg
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
0.3403
0.4608
0.3682
0.2961
0.4450
0.3517
0.3758
0.4504
0.2915
0.3984
0.3627
0.2647
0.4398
0.3538
0.3580
0.4076
0.3159
0.4296
0.3655
0.2804
0.4424
0.3528
0.3669
0.4290
Range
0.0488
0.0624
0.0055
0.0314
0.0052
0.0021
0.0178
0.0428
0.44
0.42
G2
0.40
A2
B2
0.36
0.34
C1
B1
0.38
D2
D1
E2
F1
E1
C2
F2
A1
G1
0.32
0.30
Control Factors
0.05
C1
0.04
A1
D2
0.03
B1
E2
E1
B2
0.02
G2
F2
D1
A2
G1
C2
0.01
0.00
F1
D
Control Factors