GSM GLOBAL SYSTEM

FOR
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

BY:
ENG. Waleed Elsafoury
Copyright 2013 Waleed Elsafoury

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
- CONTENT
- communication systems overview
- Introduction to Cellular Fundamentals
- Network Architecture
- GSM Air Interface
- Digital Mobile Elements
- GSM Network Protocols
- Understanding GPRS & EDGE

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Communication
systems

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Voice Communications

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Basic Communications System Elements
Source
Destination
Transmission Medium
Transmission Medium
Source

Destination

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Transmission Medium

Transmission Medium

Wired

Wireless

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Long Distance Communications
Telecommunication is the
process of long distance
communications.
Early telecommunications
involved
smoke,
flags,
drums, and other such
methods
to relay messages
information.

and

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Telegraph
The first wire line communications was the telegraph. Invented in
the mid 19th
century, it opened a new era in long-distance telecommunication.

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Telephone
When we talk over the telephone, our voice is converted to a
electronic signal by
the microphone in the handset. This signal is then transmitted
over telephone wires.

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Telephone Networks Early Switching Devices
Switches are devices that cause a connection between two
transmitting/receiving devices.
Modern Switching Devices
Today many different types of automated switches are used
which make it possible for fast placement of calls.

HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Wired VS Wireless
Losses
Mobility
Security
Bandwidth
Cost

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
Transition from analog to digital

Capacity
Cost
Quality
Security

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
1000 110
G =

0100 101
0010 011

1101 100
H =

1011 010
0111 001

0001 111
D = ( 1 0 1 1 )

C = D G = ( 1 0 1 1 : 0 0 1 ( THIS IS SENT OVER THE CHANNEL

CHECK AT THE RECIVER
S = C H

= ( 0 0 0 )

IF WE RECIVER ERROR AT BIT No. 5 C = ( 1 0 0 1 : 0 0 1 )

S = C H

= ( 1 0 1 ) =

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS

Some techniques used in wireless communication:

FDM

TDM

FDMA

TDMA

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
FDM

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS

TDM

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
FDMA
FDMA is the division of each bandwidth (RX,TX) into
many frequency bands (channels)

Frequency

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS

TDMA

Frequency

It allows several users to share the same radio frequency (RF)

by dividing it into different timeslots

Time

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS

Frequency

TDMA/FDMA

Time

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
Types of telephones
Fixed (PSTN) telephones

Cordless Telephones
Handset

Mobile Telephones

The base

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
Modes OF Transmission in wireless

Simplex communication system

Example:

TX

Television , radio

Communication is possible in one direction only

RX

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS

Half Duplex communication system

Example :

TX+RX

Police radio

Two-way communication on the same channel.

At any given time a user can only transmit or receive

TX +RX

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS

Full Duplex communication system

Example :

GSM mobile radio

TX+RX

simultaneous two-way communication

Two simultaneous but separate channels are
provided for communication to and from the
terminals

TX +RX

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
Simple growth was the single transmitting/receiving station

- heavy, bulky and expensive

- no switching between regions
- low quality
- limited capacity
- rapid market saturation
- power hungry transceiver
- power level was not safe

Up link

Down
link

MS

High
transmitted
power

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
First generation cellular system
- Introduction of analog cellular systems in the late
1970s and 1980s
- analog system
- incompatible systems
- limited to voice service
- no encryption
- FM modulation
- FDMA transmission technology
- suffer from capacity saturation

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
1G Frequency Bands
820

830

840

850

860

870

MCS

880

890

900

910

920

Downlink

930

940

925

NMT 900

Uplink

Downlink
915

Uplink
824

935

Downlink
849

894

869

Uplink

TACS

Downlink
935

905

JTACS/
NTACS
820

Downlink

Uplink

885

830

840

960

Uplink

885

AMPS/
NAMPS

950

850

860

870

880

890

925

900

910

920

930

940

950

960

MHz

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
Systems of first generation
System
MCS-L2
NMT 450
NMT 900
AMPS
NAMPS
TACS
ETACS
JTACS
NTACS
C450
RadioCom

Year of
Introduction

Region

1988 (1979)
1981
1986
1983
1991
1985
1988
1989
1991
1985
1985

Japan
Scandinavia
Scandinavia
North America
North America
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Japan
Japan
Germany
France

Access Mode/
Modulation
FDMA/PM
FDMA/FM
FDMA/FM
FDMA/FM
FDMA/FM
FDMA/FM
FDMA/FM
FDMA/FM
FDMA/FM
FDMA/FM
FDMA/FM

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
Second Generation cellular system
- Introduction of digital cellular systems (90s)
- development of unified international standard for
mobile communications
- pan-national roaming
- digital encryption
- enhanced range of services (data + voice)
- low power consumption
- light weight, compact and pocket size terminals
- TDMA transmission technology
- huge capacity

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
- WORLDWIDE GSM NETWORKS IN SERVICE

Countries with GSM service

Countries without GSM service

Cellular FUNDEMENTALS
Third generation cellular system
- Multimedia services
- W-CDMA transmission technology
- Large BW
- Higher Bit Rate
- More Services

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

Cluster size=7

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

Cell shape

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

Area Map

Elevations

Traffic Distribution

Simulation

Design parameters Effect

Drive Test
(Optimization )

Drive Test readings

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

cell sectorization

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

cell sectorization

Sector 1
Sector 3
Sector 2

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

F1

F1

F1

F1

F1

F1

F1

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

cell sectorization
Sector 1

Sector 6

Sector 2

Sector 5

Sector 3

Sector 4

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

cell sectorization

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

adaptive power control
- as cellular mobile moves power seen at Bs changed
- so we use adaptive power control to maintain it

P1

P2

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

cell types
- macrocell
- microcell
- picocell

Very small cells

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

BS

Microcell

Macrocell

BS

Microcell

BS

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

Pico Cell

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

Global
Subur
ban
Urban
& rural
In-building
Pico-Cell

Satellite Macro-Cell Micro-Cell Pico-Cell

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

cell splitting
- as traffic load increases in a cell
- to increase channels designer tend to split cell into
smaller cells
- R decrease Dc decrease so more capacity

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

channel allocation techniques
- Fixed channel assignment technique (less Ts)
- dynamic channel assignment technique (largest Ts)
- hybrid channel assignment technique (Improved)

1-9

7,8,9

2,5,8

2,5

1,4,7

1,4

3,6,9

Fixed

Dynamic

3,6

Hybrid

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

channel characteristics
- Multipath fading

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- It gives a Rayleigh fading distribution
-

Rayleigh fading is frequency selective

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

To overcome multipath fading we use :

- Microscopic diversity and combining techniques
- Frequency hopping
- Error correction
- Interleaving technique
- adaptive power control

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- Microscopic diversity techniques :
1-Time diversity technique

2-Frequency diversity technique

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

3-Space diversity technique

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

-Space diversity technique

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- Combining techniques :
1-Selective technique
2-Maximal ratio technique
3-Equal gain technique

comparator

Receiver

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- Shadow fading

-The Solution of this problem by using Macroscopic

Diversity By selecting a BS which is not shadowed when
others are.

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- Doppler shift
- +ve if the mobile moves toward the BS
- -ve if the mobile moves away from the BS
- The Doppler frequency shift should be compensated so that
a correct frequency synchronization is achieved .

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- Co-channel interference

Dc

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- Adjacent channel interference
Signal level (dB)

Filter

Adjacent channel interference

Required ch.

Frequency

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- Channel management

7,14,21
6,13,20

2,9,16
1,8,15

5,12,19

Amplitude

3,10,17
4,11,18

Frequency (MHz)

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- Delay Spread (Time dispersion)
- Due to multipath fading
- To overcome this we use delay equalizer
Path 1

Path 2

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- Distance between MS and BS
- This makes Time alignment Problem
- To overcome this system should respond to this delay

T1

T2

T3

A
B

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

Path loss

Pr Pt
R

Signal level (dB)

=3~4

Distance

FUNDAMENTAL OF CELLULAR SYSTEM

- Combined signal loss

Signal
level (dB)

Path loss
Rayleigh fading

Shadowing

Log d