1-Introduction To Computer

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Introduction to Computer and Programming
10/16/15
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Objective
This class is designed to explore computing and to
introduce you to the art of computer programming.
You will develop a sense of style and theory of
knowledge
for programs that will help your
programming. You will be introduced to the design
principles for writing good programs.
This course teaches not only the mechanics of
programming, but also how to create programs that
are easy to read, maintain, and debug.
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Learning Outcomes
Knowledge of structured programming in program design
Writing programs in C
Program documentation skills
Program testing skills
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Course Content:Introduction to Computer and Basic Computers Architecture

Memory Hierarchy.
Computer Applications.
Programming Language hierarchy.
Algorithms, Pseudo codes and flowcharts, testing and debugging,
Introduction to Operating system as user interface,
Introduction to Input and Output Devices.
Number system & representation - Fixed and Floating point numbers,

Complement of numbers and arithmetic operations.
Character and Instruction Representation
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Course Content (cont..)

C-programming:-Data types, User interaction.
Structured programming, Selection.
Control flow. Looping control structure
Arrays and strings
Pointers.
Functions Structures and Unions.
Enumerations. Preprocessor.
Iteration and Recursion.
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Text Book:
T1. Introduction to computers, Peter Norton
T2. Let Us C, 8th edition, Yashwant Kanetkar, BPB Publiction
T3. Programming in ANCI C, Balaguruswamy, TMH
References:
R1. Fundamental of Computers V. Raja Raman
R2. Spirit of C, H. Cooper and H. Mullish, Jaico Publishing House
R3. Programming with C, Bryon Gottfried, TMH
R4. A book on C, AL Kelley, IRA Pohl, Pearson Education
R5. Programming in ANCI C, Balaguruswamy, TMH
R6. Understanding Pointers in C, Yashwant Kanetkar
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Definitions of Computer
It is an electronic machine that accepts input
information, processes it according to a list of
instructions and produces the resulting output
information.
Charles Babbage is considered as the father of
computers.
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Memory unit
Input
unit
Arithmetic
and Logic
Unit
Output
unit
Control Unit
Block Diagram of Digital Computer System

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Description of various Functional Unit

of Computer
Input Unit:-It is a device that is used to give required
information to the computer, example keyboard,
mouse etc
Memory Unit:-It is to store programs and data.
Arithmetic and Logic Units:-It is responsible for
performing arithmetic operations and logical
operations
Output Unit:-It is used to display the processed
result to the user;example:-monitor,printer etc.
Control Unit:-It coordinates and controls the
Activities amongst various functional units.
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von Neumann
Architecture
Sequential operation
Automatic (without human intervention)
Five elements:
Input
Output
Memory
Arithmetic Unit
Control
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The Parts of a Computer System
A complete computer system includes four distinct

parts:
Hardware
Software
Data
User
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The Parts of a Computer System - Hardware
A computer's hardware consists of electronic

devices; the parts you can see and touch.
The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware

used by the computer, such as a keyboard, monitor,
modem, mouse, etc.
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The Parts of a Computer System - Software

Software - Software is a set of electronic instructions that
tells the computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions

is often called a program.
Two types:
System Software
A system software is any computer software which manages and controls
computer hardware so that application software can perform a task.
Ex:Operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X or Linux, are
prominent examples of system software.
Application Software
Application software tells the computer how to accomplish tasks the user
requires, such as creating a document or editing a graphic image.
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Application Software:
Word Processing
Entertainment
Spreadsheets
Educational
Graphics
Communications
Databases
Presentation
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Application software and system software

work together to bring computer in life.
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The Parts of a Computer System - Data
Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can

manipulate and process into information that is
useful to people.
Computerized data is digital, meaning that it has

been reduced to digits, or numbers. The computer
stores and reads all data as numbers.
Although computers use data in digital form, they

convert data into forms that people can
understand, such as text, numerals, sounds, and
images.
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The Parts of a Computer System Users
People are the computer's operators, or users.
Some types of computers can operate without

much intervention from people, but personal
computers are designed specifically for use by
people.
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Looking Inside the Machine
Types of Hardware
The CPU
Memory
How Memory is Measured
Input and Output Devices
Storage Devices
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Types of Hardware
A computer's hardware devices are categorized as
follows:
Processor
Memory
Input and output (I/O) devices
Storage devices
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Hardware used in Computer
01101111
10001111
01101010 10000000
01001010
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Looking Inside the Machine - The CPU

The central processing unit (CPU) manages all devices and performs
the actual processing of data.
Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more
commonly called processor,
The CPU is the brains of the computer where most calculations take
place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important
element of a computer system.
On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in
a single chip called a microprocessor.
Processing: The procedure that transforms raw data into useful
information is called processing. This function is divided between the
computer's processor and memory that means processor and RAM
will involved in processing.
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Looking Inside the Machine - Memory
Memory also consists of chips attached to the motherboard.
Memory holds data and program instructions as the CPU works

with them. This memory is called Random Access Memory
(RAM).
The CPU can find any piece of data

in RAM, when it needs it for processing.
RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data

only when the power is on. When the power
is off, RAM's contents are lost.
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Fig:RAM
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How Memory is Measured
Unit
The smallest usable unit of measure for memory is the byte

the amount of memory required to hold one character, like the
letter A or the numeral 2.
Computers work with larger chunks of data, measured in

multiple bytes, as shown below:
1Nibble =4 bits
1 Byte = 8 bits
Approx. Value
(bytes)
Kilobyte (KB)
Megabyte (MB)
Gigabyte (GB)
Terabyte (TB)
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1,000
1,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000,000,000
Actual Value
(bytes)
1,024
1,048,576
1,073,741,824
1,099,511,627,776
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Input and Output Devices
Input devices accept data and instructions from the

user or from another computer system. The keyboard
and mouse are examples of input devices.
Output devices return processed data back to the user

or to another computer system. The printer and
monitor are examples.
Communications devices (such as modems and

network interface cards) perform both input and
output, allowing computers to share information.
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Looking Inside the Machine - Storage Devices
Storage devices hold data not currently being used

by the CPU. Data is commonly stored on a magnetic
or optical disk. Each type uses a special medium for
storing data on its surface.
The most common optical storage devices are CDROM and DVD-ROM drives.
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Storage Devices
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Computer Generation
Generationin computer terminology is a change in
technology a computer is/was being used.
Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish
between varying hardware technologies.
But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and
software, which together make up an entire computer
system.
There are totally five computer generations known till date:
Generation 1 ( the first digital computer)
Generation 2
Generation 3
Generation 4
Generation 5
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First Generation (19401956)

First generation of computers started with using vacuum tubes as the basic
components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit).
These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heat and were prone to
frequent fusing of the installations,
Therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large
organizations.
In this generation, mainly batch processing operating systems were used.
In this generation, Punched cards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output
device were used.
Some computers of this generation were:
ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
UNIVAC(UNIVersalAutomaticComputer.)
IBM-701
IBM-650
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First Generation (19401956)

The main features of First Generation are:
Vacuum tube technology
Unreliable
Supported Machine language only
Very costly
Generate lot of heat so need of A.C.
Slow Input/Output device
Huge size
Non-portable
Consumed lot of electricity
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Second Generation
(1956-63)
This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less

power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first
generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and
magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices.
In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming
language like FORTRAN(FORmula TRANslation), COBOL(COmmon
Business-Oriented Language) were used.
There were Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system
used.
IBM 1620,IBM 7094,CDC 1604
CDC 3600(Control Data Corporation-3600)
UNIVAC 1108
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Second Generation
(1956-63)
The main features of Second Generation are:
Use of transistors
Reliable as compared to First generation computers
Smaller size as compared to First generation computers
Generate less heat as compared to First generation computers
Consumed less electricity as compared to First generation
computers
Faster than first generation computers
Still very costly
A.C. needed
Support machine and assembly languages
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Third Generation (196470)

The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated
Circuits (IC's) in place of transistors.
A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with
the associated circuitry.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.
This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and
efficient.
In this generation, Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multiprogramming Operating System were used.
High-level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC,
ALGOL-68, etc.) were used during this generation.
IBM-360 series,Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor),IBM-370/168 and TDC-316
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Third Generation(196470)
The main features of Third Generation are:
IC used
More reliable
Smaller size
Generate less heat
Faster
Lesser maintenance
Still costly
A.C. needed
Consumed lesser electricity
Support high-level language
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Fourth
Generation(1971-80)
The fourth generation computers started with the invention of Microprocessor.
The Microprocessor contains thousands of ICs.Ted Hoffproduced the first
microprocessor in 1971 forIntel.
It was known as Intel 4004.
The technology of integrated circuits improved rapidly. The LSI (Large Scale
Integration) circuit and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) circuit was designed.
In this generation, Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating
System were used.
All the higher level languages like C and C++etc., were used in this generation.
DEC 10, STAR 1000, PDP 11
CRAY-1 (Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP (Super Computer)
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Fourth
Generation(1971-80)
The main features of Fourth Generation are:

VLSI technology used
Very cheap
Portable and reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline processing
No A.C. needed
Concept of internet was introduced
Great developments in the fields of networks

Computers became easily available
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Fifth Generation(1980till date)
In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having
ten million electronic components.
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.
AI is an emerging branch in computer science which interprets means and methods of making computers think like human beings.
Some computers types of this generation are:
Desktop
Laptop
NoteBook
UltraBook
ChromeBook
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Fifth Generation(1980till date)
The main features of Fifth Generation are:

ULSI technology
Development of true artificial intelligence

Development of Natural language processing
Advancement in Parallel Processing
More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
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Classification of Computers
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Classification of Computers
According to purpose, computers are either general purpose or
specific purpose.
General purpose computers are designed to perform a range of tasks . They
have the ability to store numerous programs
Personal computers that are used at home
or at work are general purpose computers
Special purpose computers are those designed to do a specific job. These
again are used throughout daily life and examples include:
1.Home appliances
2.Toys and games
3.Cash machines
4.Vehicle computers
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Classification of
Computers
According to data handling, computers are analog, digital or hybrid.

Analog computers An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of
computer that usescontinuousphysical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or
hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved
Digital computers are those that operate with information, numerical or otherwise,
represented in a digital form. Such computers process data into a digital value (in 0s
and 1s). They give the results with more accuracy and at a faster rate.
Hybrid computers (Analog + Digital)A combination of computers those are capable
of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer
system setup offers a cost effective method of performing complex simulations.
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Classification of
Computers
According to size or functionality, computers are of following types.

Super Computeris the fastest and most powerful type of computer Supercomputers are very
expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations.
For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include
animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.
Mainframe Computer is a very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or
even thousands, of users simultaneously.
In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support more
simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program faster than a
mainframe.
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Classification of
Computers
Mini Computer is a midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie
betweenworkstationsandmainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small
mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations.
But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users
simultaneously.
Micro Computer orPersonal Computer
Desktop Computer:a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.
LaptopComputer:a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard.
Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs:a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no keyboard
but the screen serves both as an input and output device .
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Application of
Computers
Engineering
Medical
Education
Science
Banking
Entertainment
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10/16/15
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Vivasession.wordpress.

Introduction to Computer and Programming

Course Content:Introduction to Computer and Basic Computers Architecture

Number system & representation - Fixed and Floating point numbers,

Course Content (cont..)

Block Diagram of Digital Computer System

Description of various Functional Unit

The Parts of a Computer System

A complete computer system includes four distinct

The Parts of a Computer System - Hardware

A computer's hardware consists of electronic

The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware

The Parts of a Computer System - Software

tells the computer how to do certain tasks. A set of instructions

Application software and system software

The Parts of a Computer System - Data

Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can

Computerized data is digital, meaning that it has

Although computers use data in digital form, they

The Parts of a Computer System Users

People are the computer's operators, or users.

Some types of computers can operate without

Looking Inside the Machine

How Memory is Measured

Input and Output Devices

Looking Inside the Machine

Input and output (I/O) devices

Hardware used in Computer

Looking Inside the Machine - The CPU

Looking Inside the Machine - Memory

Memory also consists of chips attached to the motherboard.

Memory holds data and program instructions as the CPU works

The CPU can find any piece of data

RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data

How Memory is Measured

The smallest usable unit of measure for memory is the byte

Computers work with larger chunks of data, measured in

Looking Inside the Machine

Input devices accept data and instructions from the

Output devices return processed data back to the user

Communications devices (such as modems and

Looking Inside the Machine - Storage Devices

Storage devices hold data not currently being used

First Generation (19401956)

First Generation (19401956)

This generation using the transistor were cheaper, consumed less

Third Generation (196470)

The main features of Fourth Generation are:

Great developments in the fields of networks

Fifth Generation(1980till date)

Fifth Generation(1980till date)

The main features of Fifth Generation are:

Development of true artificial intelligence

According to data handling, computers are analog, digital or hybrid.

According to size or functionality, computers are of following types.

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