Mooring Forces and Configurations

Mooring of ships - forces
Kapt. K. De Baere
Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan
Purpose of mooring
configuration
To bring the ship alongside
To keep the ship alongside
To assist the ship when un-mooring
Design criteria of mooring

configurations
Based on the forces acting upon the ship
Wind
Current
Waves
Swell
Other ships passing by (suction effect)
Location of the berth Protected or sea berth
Types of ship size, displacement, draught
etc.
Protected berths
Design criteria limiting values

Cross wind up till 15m/sec (6-7
Beaufort)
Tidal current of 3 knots in longitudinal
direction
Cross current of 1 knot
Cargo- and container ship are normally
moored along well protected berths =>
Mooring winches are designed to pull the
ship alongside with 1 headline and 1 stern
line against a cross wind of 5 Beaufort
Sea berths designed for >wind
Design criteria limiting values

Cross winds up till 20m/sec or 8
Beaufort and gust of winds up till
10 Beaufort
Tidal current of 3 knots in
longitudinal direction
Cross current of 1 knot
Waves and swell
Waves and swell with a short period
have a limited influence
Fetch
The size of a wave depends on its

fetch. The fetch is the distance a
wave travels (see next slide). The
greater the fetch, the larger the
wave.
If the wind is blowing for a longer
period of time in the same direction
=> long fetch with a high wave
height and a longer period =>
important dynamic effect on the ship
Fetch Definition
Growth rate of wind generated waves
The distance that wind and seas

(waves) can travel toward land
without being blocked. In areas
without obstructions the wind
and seas can build to great
strength, but in areas such as
sheltered coves and harbours
the wind and seas will be
calmer.
Mooring of VLCCs
Often moored outside the harbours along

sea berths
Forces are so great that no winch is
capable of bringing the ship alongside
Tugs are always used when mooring and
leaving berth
The only criteria is the holding force of the
winches
The ship must be maintained in position
related to the shore manifold (chiksans)
Relation maximum pulling

power Displacement ()
Figures are used to design shore
facilities (bollards, bits .. Etc.)
25% safety margin to be added
8000 ton 100 kN

20.000 ton 600 kN
10.000 ton 300 kN

50.000 ton 600 kN
100.000 ton 1000 kN 200.000 ton 1500 kN

1 kN = 1 ton pulling power (not scientific)
Mooring winch with

undivided drum
10
Mooring winches Divided

drum-polyprop octopus
11
Chicksan
12
Chicksan
One of the biggest

problems with the
fixed
loading/discharging
systems is the
restricted liberty of
movement of the
ship
If one of the limits is
breached => ESDsystem activated
13
Assessing the forces

1.
2.
Forces due to wind and current are proportional

to the square of their speeds. f.i. the force caused
by a wind of 40 knots is 4 times the influence of
a wind of 20 knots
The wind speed increases with the height above
the ground. A wind of 10 knots at 2 meters
increases till 60 knots at 40 meters =>
importance of the freeboard (height of the
structure). To obtain comparable figures all
winds are recalculated to a standard height of 10
meters
14
Maximum wind limits (400.000 dwt ship)

in function of the breaking power of the
winches
15
Wind limits
1.
2.
The previous pictures learns us

that;
The wind limit is determined by the
holding power (breaking power) of
the winches
The wind limit is determined by the
material of the mooring lines
16
Assessing the forces

3.
Influence of a cross current is inverse

proportional with the keel clearance. In case of
a small keel clearance the current is obstructed
by the ships hull and searches way out via the
stem and the stern. A Suction effect is created
trying the move the ship away from the berth.
17
Theoretical example of the influence

of the keel clearance
A ULCC with a draft of 15 meters is

moored alongside a berth with 16.5
meters of water => relation water
depth/draft = 1.1
Relative resistance factor in case of cross
current = 5.6
In case of unlimited water depth a cross
current of 1 knot produces a force of 60
tons
18

In case of a limited
water depth
(example) this
force is increased
till 5.6 x 60 ton =
336 ton
This equals 9 steel
mooring ropes of
40mm diameter
19

The relative proportion of the
different elements has to be
considered
Ballasting decreases the keel
clearance but also reduces the
lateral wind surface. The wind effect
is of greater importance than the
the clearance effect (see next slide).
20
Example of cross and

longitudinal forces
18.000 & 70.000 SDWT: Wind 60 knots (30m/s),

current 5 knots longitudinal and 1 knot cross
current
200.000 SDWT: Wind 60 knots, current 3 knots
longitudinal and 1 knot cross current
21
Conclusions
In ballast condition the most important

forces are wind generated
In loaded condition the most important
forces are current generated
The total force on the ship (alongships +
athwartships) is greater in ballast
condition than in loaded condition =>
influence of the wind is of greater
importance
22
Different materials
3 different configurations
All steel wire ropes (equipped or not
equipped with tails)
All ropes are synthetic
Mixed systems (synthetic + steel wire
rope)
New materials
23
Steel wire rope + tail

(ralonge de la touline)
Purpose of the tail is to add elasticity to

account for change in tidal heights
Always use 8 strands nylon with an MBL
25% > steel wire rope
To protect against chafing cover splice of
the tail with leather or plastic
The tail is connected to the steel wire rope
by means of a Tonsberg shackle or a
Mandal shackle
In case of frequent use tails are changed
every 18 months
24
Steel wire rope + tail
Steel wire rope have a high MBL and are

not elastic.
Steel wire rope are stored on winch
drums with a manual brake
Steel wire rope are relatively easy to
handle up to 40mm ????
Steel wire ropes last longer than synthetic
ropes
Price steel wire = synthetic
25
Tonsberg shackles
26
Mandal Shackle
27
Full synthetic mooring

configuration
Biggest problem is elasticity

This elasticity can give an important
sway (balancer) to the ship (breaking
out)
3 mooring ropes different materials
same length (50 m), MBL and load
Steel wire
Polyprop
Nylon
0.3m elongation
5m elongation
8 m elongation
28
Breaking out
29
Effect of the hawser elasticity on the

restraint capacity
1.
2.
3.
Materials with the

smallest elasticity
take the biggest
load
Short rope = big
load
Relation - is not
linear
30

configuration
Synthetic fibres loose

tensile strength (force
de traction) if
submitted to cyclic
tensions attaining 30 to
50% of their MBL.
Those cyclic tensions
are not constant, due to
resonance high
tensions occure during
short periods of time
31

configuration
Because of;
Cyclic tensions
Internal friction
Exposure to the marine environment
Tensile strength of synthetic ropes will

diminish after 1 year
Tensile strength of steel wire rope will
diminish after 5 years => more durable
32

configuration
Another side effect

is sagging
(affaissement)
The sag is
function of;
m-n
Weight of the
mooring line
Tension in the line
Water depth (suction
effect)
33

configuration
Consequence of the sagging is that a

synthetic rope can never be pulled as stiff
as a wire rope.
A wire rope will react faster on a
breaking out of the ship.
A synthetic rope will compensate the the
sag before reacting
Max. allowed distance between berth and
ship is normally limited to 6% of the water
depth
34
Mixed mooring systems

Mix of wire ropes and synthetic
ropes
Certainly NOT the best configuration
but the most common one.
If possible use steel wire rope as
springs and breasts and use
synthetic ropes as head- and
stern line
35
New materials
Composite materials
Expensive but excellent mooring
system
Kevlar Aramid ropes are very
strong, light and show little sagging.
They react fast in case of breaking
out of the ship.
36
Efficient mooring
The efficiency of a mooring rope

depends on the following factors
Material (steel wire or synthetic

elongation & MBL)
Length
Angles with longitudinal and transversal
axis in the horizontal plane
Angles with the horizontal in the vertical
plane
37
Function of the different

ropes
Head- and stern lines & the springs are

stabilising the ship alongside
Breast line will prevent the ship to break
free from the berth
Breast lines must be as perpendicular as
possible to the ships longitudinal axis
Springs must be as parallel as possible to
the berth
38
Recommendations
The function of springs and breast lines is

clear. Springs are preventing longitudinal
movement while breast are opposing
transversal movements.
The function of head and the stern lines
depends on their angle with the
longitudinal axis. Great angle => they
serve mainly as breast line while small
angle => stopping longitudinal movement
39
Recommendations
The ideal configuration will rarely be

achieved.
To obtain a perfect mooring configuration
their must be a perfect harmony between
the ships equipment and disposition on
board and the configuration ashore
Berthing ships is always a matter of
compromises
40
Recommendations
Following recommendations have
been published by the OCIMF = Oil
Company International Maritime
Forum
The recommendations are valid for a
tanker moored alongside a T-berth
41
Recommendations based on
OCIMF Effective mooring
1.
The horizontal angles of head-,

stern- and breast lines < 15
42
2.
The vertical angle with the horizontal

plane must be < 25
The effective force is proportional to the

cosine of the angle
If the angle is 25 the line is effective for
91%
If the angle is 45 the efficiency is reduced
to 71%
=> Springs & breasts must be long

enough and not to steep
43
Springs & Breasts
44
3.
Breast lines are most effective is

on the longitudinal axis.
If is 45 we have to increase the force in the

breast line till 141 ton to obtain an effective
transversal force of 100 ton
45
4.
Springs offer the greatest holding

power in the longitudinal direction.
Their length is 60 meters
46
5.
The impact of the head and the stern

lines on the total holding power of the
mooring configuration is less important
than the influence of springs and
breasts. This mainly because these lines
are too long.
Never the less they are important to
compensate the dynamical forces.
Length 110m = coil
47
6.
Very short lines must be avoided.

They always take the most
important part of the load,
especially when the ship is moving
Short length = important vertical
angle
48
Short breast lines
Long breast line: 52ton load is sufficient to

obtain an effective holding power of 50 ton
Short breast line: Load has to be increased till
88 ton to obtain same result
49
7.
All the mooring ropes in the same group

(working in the same direction)must
have a same tension. If not, the
weakest line will break first. Total load
will have to be received by the
remaining lines => increased risk of
breaking (chain reaction)
Groups are f.i. aft spring + head lines, Stern

lines + forward spring, breast lines
50
8.
Their must be an equilibrium

between the 4 groups (head- and
stern lines, springs and breasts.
Example: Optimal mooring
configuration is determined after
studying the static and dynamical
forces for a specific berth.
51
Mooring example
Maximum breaking out from the berth = 1

meter
Direction of the wind: 110 -> 290
Frequency 58%
25.2% 3 4 Beaufort
0.65% > 8 Beaufort
Proposed configuration all nylon 80mm
(MBL 110 ton):
4 breast lines (aft) + 1 stern line

3 headlines + 3 breast lines (fore)
52
The fore ship will resist a wind pressure of 32 knots

while the stern will resist a wind pressure of 33 knots
=> The berth will be operational till 7 Beaufort => not
operational 5.8% per year
The configuration of the berth is not ideal since the
horizontal angles > 15
9.
The number of lines is function of

the size of the ship and the
prevailing weather conditions
A Panamax (75.000 dwt) - 12 lines (2
headlines 4 breasts 4 springs 2
stern lines: 2 2 2 fore and aft)
B VLCC (150.000 dwt) 16 lines (4
headlines 4 breasts 4 springs 4
stern lines: 4 2 2 fore and aft)
54
A Panamax & B - VLCC
55
Mooring configurations bulk

carriers
Cape Size: 4 2 2 (fore and aft)
Panamamax: 4 1 1 (fore and aft)
Handy Size: 4 1 (fore and aft)
Mini Bulker: 3 1 (fore and aft)
Mini Bulker moored so it can shift
forward and backwards during
loading/discharging
56
Mooring
configurations
bulk carriers
57
10.
Mooring lines must be passed ashore

using the deck fittings (fairleads)
because of friction and the curvature
relation.
Curvature relation = curvature deck
fitting/ mooring line
In case of a mooring wire relation has to
be > 20 to reduce loss in tensile
strength
58
Mooring configuration
concentrated on the fore ship
59
60
Deck fittings
(accessoires
de pont)
OCIMF
equipment:
Panama
hawse- hole
Pedestal
Fairleads
(Chaumard)
Info
Suez & Panama Canal
63
Suez Canal
Total length is 190.25 km

Water surface width is 280.345 m
Width between the buoys is 195.215 m
Canal depth is 22.5 m
Maximum ship draught allowed is 62ft
Speed allowed for loaded carriers is 13 km/h
Speed allowed for unloaded carriers is 14
km/h.
Average transit time is 14 hours
64
Suez Canal
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is approximately 80

kilometers.
The Canal uses a system of locks
The locks function as water lifts: they raise
ships from sea level (the Pacific or the Atlantic)
to the level of Gatun Lake (26 meters above
sea level)
66
Panama Canal
Each set of locks bears the name of the

townsite where it was built: Gatun (on the
Atlantic side), and Pedro Miguel and Miraflores
(on the Pacific side).
The maximum dimensions of ships that can
transit the Canal are: 32.3 meters in beam; draft
12 meters in Tropical Fresh Water; and 294.1
meters long
The narrowest portion of the Canal is Culebra
Cut
67
Panama Canal
68
Gatun Lock
69
Gaillard
Cut
Pedro Miguel Locks
71
Mira Flores Locks
72
4-roller fear
lead Towing
Bracket
Smit Towing Bracket
74
Chocks and buttons
75
Bits and Bollards
76
Panama chocks
77
Roller Chocks
78
Roller Fairleads
79
Towing pads (point dattache pour le

cble de remorque)
80
Emergency Towing Systems
SOLAS Requirement
Regulation Chapter II-1, A-1, 3-4
Since 1996, January 1, all tankers exceeding,
20,000 DWT are to have an emergency towing
arrangement fitted at the aft and forward. This
IMO resolution MSC35(63) which covers the
installation of emergency towing arrangements
on tankers was decreed after the unfortunate
disaster of the MV Braer in 1993.
81

- Aft beneath deck
82

Typical Arrangements Fwd
83
Demo
84
Mooring alongside a classic

berth (quay)
85
Mooring alongside a classic

berth (quay)
Different methods see lab ships
technique
Practical techniques see lab ships
technique
86
Mooring
alongside a
classic
berth
(quay)
87
Mooring alongside a T-berth
88
Mooring with 2 anchors
89
Ship to ship
90
SPM Single Point Mooring

Buoy
91
SPM - buoy
92
SPM - buoy
93
FPSO single point mooring
94
FSO - operations
95
STL Submerged Turret

Loading
96
STP Submerged Turret

Production
97
STP Submerged Turret

Production
98
Safe fibre ropes

1.
2.
3.
4.
Ropes should be covered when they are not

being handled, and stowed away when not
in use at sea, to prevent contamination by
oils and chemicals, and degradation by
sunlight.
Ropes must be kept away from heat, oil,
paint and chemicals.
Ropes should be stowed on gratings for
ventilation and drainage.
Ropes must be examined regularly for wear,
stranding, melting and powdering, and
replaced if serious defects are found.
111
Safe Wire Rope

1.
2.
3.
Wires should be lubricated regularly with

an approved lubricant.
Everyone who handles wires should wear
leather -palmed gloves to protect their
hands from snags.
Wires must be examined regularly for
wear, stranding, dry core, kinks, and
excessively flattened areas. They must be
replaced if the number of broken strands
(snags) exceed 10% of the strands in any
length equal to eight diameters, or if any
other serious defects are found.
112
Safe line handling see lab

1.
2.
Flake out all mooring lines on the deck,

clear, and ready to send. This will ensure
that any fibre lines which have become
buried on reels can be freed in advance,
when there is less likelihood of accidents.
Do not use a wire direct from a reel
designed only for stowing.
Have all necessary heaving lines,
messengers, tails and stoppers available at
the mooring station, and rat guards ready
for use.
113
Flaking out mooring lines

Lover les
aussires la
franaise
De trossen zijn
klaar gelegd in
franse bochten
To avoid that someone puts his foot/feet in a loop
114
Safe position between

mooring ropes
Position yourself
away from the
whip
115
Putting the mooring rope on the

warping head of the winch
The anchor winch

has maximum
power when it runs
in the sense of
picking up the
anchor (anti-clock
wise)
116

3.
4.
Have sufficient crew available.

All crew should wear safety helmets and
safety shoes, and have no loose clothing
which could become entangled in the
winches or trapped by the lines. Gloves
should be tight fitting, to reduce the risk
of becoming trapped by lines, and should
have a leather palm to protect the hand
against abrasion and prevent wounds
caused by snags of wires; they should
provide adequate insulation in cold
weather.
117

5.
6.
When one seaman is handling a line on a

drum end, he should not stand too close to
the drum to avoid being drawn in. There
should be an additional seamen whose
duty is to clear the loose line when
heaving, and supply the loose line when
slacking.
The person operating the winch controls
should have a clear view of the entire area
including any seaman handling lines with
that winch.
118
Traditional stopper
A traditional
stopper using a
single line may be
used only on a
mooring line made
of natural
materials, as shown
below, but such
mooring lines are
no longer common
on board ship
123

15.
16.
17.
Stand well clear of all lines under tension.

This means everybody, not just those
handling that line.
Synthetic fibre ropes may break without
warning, and the resultant whiplash may
cause severe injuries or even death.
Synthetic fibre mooring ropes should be
stoppered using two tails of fibre rope, half
hitched under the mooring rope, with the
two free ends criss-crossed over and under,
as shown in the diagram below: (This is
sometimes known as a Chinese stopper.)
124

18.
Mooring wires should be stoppered using

a chain stopper with a well-spaced cow
hitch (Larks head)(Deux demi clefs
renverses)(it is recommended that the
two hitches are at least 25 cm. apart) and
with the remainder of the chain and its
rope tail turned up several times against
the lay, as shown in the diagram below.
The cow hitch is used because it is easily
pulled loose when no longer required, a
clove hitch (mastworp -Deux demi clefs
capeler (noeud de cabestan)) is likely to
jam.
125
Chain stopper
126
Safe mooring
1.
2.
All operations must be carried out ONLY under

the direct orders of the supervising officer.
The supervising officer must ensure that
communications with the bridge are
-CONTINUOUSLY maintained. If using radios
all calls should start with the ships name (to
avoid confusion), and then the caller should
immediately identify himself and who he is
calling to avoid confusion on ones own ship A
spare fully-charged battery should be carried
whenever portable radios are used. A back up
system must be readily available at all times.
Safe mooring
3.
4.
5.
6.
Check with the bridge before sending the

first lines, and before making any lines fast.
Keep the bridge informed of distances off
the quay, any obstructions and other
moored ships, lighters or other floating
objects.
Advise the bridge if there is any possibility
that a slack line may become entangled in
the propeller - or thrusters.
Warn the bridge if any lines become
excessively taut.
133
Safe mooring
7.
8.
9.
Make fast and cast off tugs only on orders

from the bridge.
When heaving lines are being thrown,
ensure that all personnel ashore and on
board are alerted, and stand well clear.
The supervising officer must make sure he
can always see both the winch operators
and the particular line when giving orders
for adjusting the tension in a line.
134
Safe mooring
10.
11.
12.
Secure the lines as per the Masters

orders. i.e. which lines to leave on the
drums, which lines to make fast on bitts,
Which lines to leave in auto/self-tension,
if any, and what level to set the controls.
Ensure rat guards are properly fitted to all
lines.
The supervising officer must remain at the
mooring station, with his full crew, until
he is dismissed by the Master.
135
Plague Control ?
Deratisation
Rat guards
136
137
138
139
Self Tensioning Winches
Self tensioning winches can be set to a

certain holding force. If this value is
exceeded, then the winch automatically
adjusts the length of wire to the new force
(too much holding force: slacking; too little
holding force: heaving). This system is
frequently used by ships that load and
discharge quickly (container ships and RoRo-vessels) or if there is a large tidal range
in the port.
140

1.
2.
3.
Control lever for the

winch
Cooling fan
Control for the selftension setting
141
The heaving power of a winch is always lower than its

render force. This means that if a winch is left in selftension, and the external forces increase, the line will pay
out, and it may not be possible to heave it in again until
such external forces reduce. Also, the render force of the
winch is much less than the holding power of the brake
Self-tensioning winches at opposite ends of the ship can
work against each other, so that the ship can sometimes
walk along the berth, when an external force is applied
at one end.
142
Hence it is recommended that mooring lines are NOT left

in self-tension once the ship is secure alongside. With short
breast lines in fair weather, these controls may be useful
during rapid load/discharge operations. However, those
winches which are directly counteracting any external
forces must be left on the brake.
Self-tensioning winches are useful during berthing
operations with reduced manning, as once the line is
ashore and the controls set, they will reel in any slack,
maintain the tension in the line, and prevent the line being
damaged through excessive strain.
143
Keeping moorings taut
The OOW must ensure that the mooring lines are kept
sufficiently taut at all times to keep the ship firmly
alongside. At rapid loading or discharging berths, the
Chief Officer may assign additional crew to assist the
OOW, as the operation of adjusting the lines may have to
be done frequently. The 00W must never attempt to adjust
a mooring line by himself, unless it is permanently wound
on its own drum.
If the lines are not in equal tension, they may part in
succession if the ship is subject to exceptional high forces,
such as very strong winds, large swells or water surges
from other ships passing too close and/or too fast.
144
Keeping moorings taut
Brake linings can lose their grip when oil and rust are present,
and are susceptible to loss of holding power during periods of
rain or high humidity.
The OOW should remember to adjust any fire wires as the ships
freeboard changes, to ensure that their ends remain clear of the
water.
It is essential for the OOW to check the moorings when other
ships are arriving at or leaving from the berth immediately
ahead or astern of their ship.
It is good practice for the OOW to be in attendance forward or
aft whenever the adjacent ship is arriving or sailing to watch out
for contact damage, or other incidents, in addition to monitoring
the moorings.
145
Fire wire
Strong steel wire

1 end is put on a
bollard
Other end is hanging
overboard +/- 1 meter
above the water
The outer end is held in
position by means of a
weak line.
Middle part is flaked
out on deck
In case of fire a
tugboat can grab the
outer eye and pull the
tanker free of the berth
Excerpt from terminal rules and

regulations - Saoudi Arabia
TOWING-OFF WIRES OF ADEQUATE STRENGTH AND

CONDITION MUST BE MADE FAST TO BOLLARDS ON
THE TANKER. FORWARD AND AFT, AND THEIR EYES
RUN OUT AND MAINTAINED AT OR ABOUT THE
WATERLINE. THE WIRES MUST BE OVER THE
OFFSHORE SIDE.
IN ORDER THAT SUFFICIENT WIRE CAN BE PUT OUT
TO ENABLE THE TUGS TO TOW EFFECTIVELY,
ENOUGH SLACK MUST BE RETAINED BETWEEN THE
BOLLARD AND CHECK AND PREVENTED FROM
RUNNING OUT BY A ROPEYARN OR OTHER EASILY
BROKEN MEANS
147
Chafing (Frotter Raboter)
The OOW must check the moorings at least hourly during

his watch, not only to ensure they remain taut but also to
look out for chafing, where the rope rubs against an
obstruction, and may part. This may occur when the ship
is surging back and forth along the quay due to a large
swell, or when there is excessive movement of a mooring
buoy. Synthetic fibre ropes possess very low resistance to
chafing when under load; the friction generates heat
which causes them to melt and fuse, and the rope is then
permanently weakened, and may part quite quickly.
148
Chafing (Frotter Raboter)
Ropes may chafe by rubbing against each other, or

against the ropes of another ship. The officers on stand-by
fore and aft during mooring operations must be alert for
this when sending ropes to different bollards ashore
through different leads on board. If they notice any
chafing, they should have that line removed and sent from
a different lead. Short leads with substantial dips are
prone to chafing on the ships structure.
149
Chafing
Sometimes a change in freeboard, or some external

factors such as a change in the sea state, may cause lines
to start chafing. If he notices any chafing, OOW must
clear the obstruction, change the lead of the mooring
rope, or wrap the rope in canvas or some other material to
bear the rubbing and wearing away action. The outside of
the canvas may be greased to reduce the friction, but this
grease must not be allowed to remain in contact with fibre
ropes as it will cause them to deteriorate. The OOW must
always advise the Chief Officer of his observations and
actions.
150
Emergencies
Occasionally unexpected changes of load may cause the

brakes of the mooring line drums to slip, and the vessel
is at risk of moving off the berth. DO NOT RELEASE
THE BRAKES AND ATTEMPT TO HEAVE THE SHIP
BACK ALONGSIDE USING ONLY THE POWER OF
THE WINCH.
The recommended action is:

1.
2.
If the winches are in self-tension apply the brakes IN

ADDITION.
If the brakes are in use, tighten them, put the winch in
gear and heave on as many lines as possible.
151
Emergencies
3.
4.
5.
6.
Inform the senior officers, and seek extra crew assistance

Summon tug assistance if necessary.
Consider reducing the freeboard by ballasting.
The OOW should remember that brake holding power is
always greater than winch heaving power, but that the
two together increase the load.
For example:
Winch render force = 35 tonnes.
Brake holding power
= 65 tonnes.
Total holding power = 100 tonnes.
152
Emergencies
He should be careful this does not exceed the breaking
strain of the rope, or the safe working load of the leads
and rollers. However, in an emergency it will usually be
preferable to endeavour to hold the ship in position and
risk breaking the lines.
153
Mooring
equipment
ashore
154
Equipment ashore
Bollards and bitts
Winches - capstans
Quick release hooks
Laser docking systems
Mooring line monitoring systems
Fenders
155
Bitts and bollards
156
Capstans
157
Quick Release Hooks

The basic starting point to any
integrated mooring system
Can be released manually or
(electric, hydraulic or telemetry) and
can incorporate load pins for
optional multipoint computer-based
remotely mooring line tension
monitoring systems
158
Quick Release Hooks
159
Quick release hooks

Explosion proof double
hook unit
Quad. hook with load

monitoring and
remoter release
system
160
Mooring Line Monitoring

System
The vessel Mooring

Line Monitoring system
(MLM), provides real
time monitoring of all
mooring lines and
warns of excessive or
out-of-range loads.
Changing weather
conditions or current
loading can cause
unequal load sharing
within the mooring
system. This can lead
to potential failure of
mooring lines and
damage to jetty
161
Mooring Line Monitoring

System
Load on the hooks is

measured by load
pins
Data is transferred to
the jetty control room
Data is completed
with environmental
data and data
concerning the
movement of the ship
alongside
162
Environmental data
Data is collected
by a buoy and
presented on
graphic display
163
The primary benefit of a Docking Aid System or

DAS is the provision of real time data of the
vessels position and progress relative to the
jetty by measuring distance from the jetty and
speed of approach in the critical 0 to 200
meters zone.
With this data the vessels master and pilot can
better direct tug and shipboard personnel in the
safe manoeuvring of the vessel towards the
jetty and minimize any potential for damage to
the berth
164
Typically, two sensors are located

on the jetty measuring distance to
bow and stern sections of the ship.
This together with average speed
are captured at the jetty control
unit and displayed to the ship and
mooring crew on wireless monitor,
computer screen or jetty mounted
display board, as required.
Earlier systems used radar sensors,
however today laser sensors are
the most reliable technology
employed for vessel docking.
165
166
Docking systems GPS

based f.i. e-fix system
Ship trials (speed and

manoeuvring)
Oil and gas tanker
approaches and
docking operations
SPM/FSO Docking and
Drift Warning
Oil rig positioning
Navigation of ships
into locks & docks
Ferry operations
167
Docking systems GPS

It should be noted that the E-Sea Fix system can be

integrated into existing Laser Docking Systems.
All data from an existing Laser Docking System
(such as environmental data, load arm monitoring,
mooring load monitoring and drift warning
information) can be relayed and displayed on the
pilot monitor.
A receiver is capable of receiving signals from both
the US constellation as well as the Soviet based
GLONASS constellation. This dual constellation
ensures that the number of satellites visible to the
receivers is maximised.
168
Accuracy
Speed accuracy better than any ships
log, 1 cm per second i.e. 0.02 knots
Heading accuracy better than any gyro
system, approximately 0.01 degree
Rate of turn better than any rate gyro
system, approximately 0.02
degree/second and up
Position accuracy to a few centimetres
169
Docking systems GPS

Signal is used as
input for an ECDIS
based on C-map or
S-57 maps.
Portable version
exists
171
Berth management systems
A Berth Manager monitors the vessel

approach, mooring load and environmental
situation in a single integrated system, with a
range of optional displays, readouts and
functions, and provides the port operator with
comprehensive reporting on the behaviour of
vessels while in the confines of the port. The
system assists the docking procedure and
monitors mooring performance.
172
Berth management systems
173
Fenders
Used to:
Divide the load
Protect the berth
Protect the ship
Fenders can be fixed or mobile
174
Yokohama Fenders
175
Yokohama Fenders
176
Fixed fenders
177
Mooring equipment on
board
178
Mooring equipment on
board
Heaving line (ligne dattrape)
Messenger (grelin)
Tails
179
Heaving line (ligne

dattrape)
180
heaving line (Ligne

dattrape)
181
Messenger - grelin
182
Tail (allongement de la
touline)
183
Passing ropes ashore
Before arriving at the dock all crewmembers should

put on their Personal Protective Equipment and move
out onto the deck. All lines should be prepared for
docking making sure that they will feed out freely.
There should always be someone on the dock to
receive the line.
Do not attempt to throw the line to the bitt.
If the boat is to be moored some distance from the
dock a messenger line (grelin) with a monkeys fist
can be thrown and then hauled in to transfer the
mooring line safely to the dock.
184
If you are sharing the bitt or bollard with another

vessel feed the eye of the mooring line through the
eye of the line already on the bitt and then place the
eye over the bitt.
This will allow you or the other vessel to quickly
remove a line without disturbing the remaining line.
185
186
Putting 2 ropes on the

same bitt
1.Wrong
2.Correct
The other ship

can leave without
disturbing our
mooring
configuration
187
While handling lines you must be very conscious of

the placement of your hands and feet in proximity
to the line. Never put your hand in the bight of the
line at the bitt, and watch that you do not step into
the bight of the line on the deck with your foot. If
the boat surges you can be caught in an instant,
resulting in serious injury or death.
188
Never place yourself in

a position where the
line can pinch you up
against the bulwarks or
equipment on deck.
You will never be able
to move quick enough
to get out of the way or
have the strength to
keep the line off you!
189

Mooring Forces and Configurations

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Mooring Forces and Configurations

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Mooring of ships - forces

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Design criteria of mooring

Based on the forces acting upon the ship

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Design criteria limiting values

Sea berths designed for >wind

Design criteria limiting values

The size of a wave depends on its

The distance that wind and seas

Often moored outside the harbours along

Relation maximum pulling

8000 ton 100 kN

10.000 ton 300 kN

100.000 ton 1000 kN 200.000 ton 1500 kN

Mooring winch with

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Mooring winches Divided

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

One of the biggest

Assessing the forces

Forces due to wind and current are proportional

Maximum wind limits (400.000 dwt ship)

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

The previous pictures learns us

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Assessing the forces

Influence of a cross current is inverse

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Theoretical example of the influence

A ULCC with a draft of 15 meters is

Theoretical example of the influence

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Theoretical example of the influence

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Example of cross and

18.000 & 70.000 SDWT: Wind 60 knots (30m/s),

In ballast condition the most important

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Steel wire rope + tail

Purpose of the tail is to add elasticity to

Steel wire rope + tail

Steel wire rope have a high MBL and are

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Full synthetic mooring

Biggest problem is elasticity

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Effect of the hawser elasticity on the

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Materials with the

Full synthetic mooring

Mooring of ship TVS 1ste kan

Synthetic fibres loose

Full synthetic mooring

Tensile strength of synthetic ropes will

Full synthetic mooring

Another side effect