AVIATION MATHEMATICS (GC_1)

COURSE OBJECTIVE
Students will get an overview of aviation
mathematics as per
The requirement of regulatory bodies
The application of mathematical concepts
the field

ALLOTTED TIME AND DELIVERY

Duration
40 hours theory

Delivery
Lecture discussion
Class exercise
Reading and class exercises
Home take exams/exercises

COURSE CONTENT
Arithmetic
Basic mathematical operation

Algebra
Linear, simultaneous and quadratic equation

Geometry
An introductory view

Trigonometry
Practical problems on charts and graphs

TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCES

Ac 65 9A, Airframe and Powerplant
Series, General Handbook
Technical Mathematics with Calculus
Shop Mathematics

EVALUATION

Class tests
Assignments
Final test
Passing mark
70%

DISCIPLINE

Punctuality
Good appearance
I'D. cards in proper place
School regulation

Arithmetic
Objective
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division of:
Fractions
Decimals

Conversion of Metric System to British

System
Calculation of ratio, average and percentage

Basic Operations

Addition +
Subtraction Multiplication x () *
Division ,/,
Grouping signs

Terms

Number
Sum
Minuend
Subtrahend
Difference
Multiplicand
Multiplier
Product

Terms (Contd.)

Dividend
Minuend
Divisor
Multiplicand
Quotient
Remainder Dividend
Digits
Denominator
Numerator

Subtrahend

5 2 =3
7 x 3 = 21
27 / 5 = 5
and 2

Difference
Multiplier
Product
Quotient
Divisor
Remainder

Number System
Counting Numbers
{ 1,2,3,4,}

Whole Numbers
{ 0,1,2,3,4,}

Integers (I)
{,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,}

Rational Numbers

Fractions
a/b , a I, b I
Proper , a<b 1/2
Improper, a>b 4/3
Mixed , a c/b 3 2/3

Decimals , 0.5, 2.33, 4.1111

Irrational numbers , 3.030030003,
Real Numbers = R U IR

Significant Digits
Measured data
Reliability of a number
Precision position of last reliable digit
Accuracy number of significant figure

E.g. 56.78, 0.0034, 5.600, 3.0080, 50,000

Rounding off a number
Even and odd case

Rules

Non-zero digits are always significant.

Any zeros between two significant
digits are significant.
A final zero or trailing zeros in the
decimal portion ONLY are significant.
Round the final result to the least
number of significant figures of any
one term.

Multiples and Factors

Factors
27 : 1,3,9,27

Multiple
3 : 3,6,9,12,

Prime factors
36 : 2,3

Greatest common factor (GCF)

Least common multiple (LCM)

Exercise
3+42 x 5+4
=

5 + 1/100 + 7/1000 =
Change 3.333 to fractional form
Change 4/3 to decimal form
Go to drill for significant figures

Exercises (Cont.)
Round off the result of the following
calculations to three significant digits
2.4x6.5x10.37
21.3x0.054/(97.4x3.80)

Find the GCF of the following

10,15,30
18,30,12,42

Find the LCM of the following

3,4,5

Measurement Systems
Metric system (SI)
Meter
Kilogram
second

British system (BS)

Inch
Pound
Second

Comparison
Ratio : by dividing one number by another
15 to 3 15:3=15/3=5

Proportion : equality of two ratios

a/b = c/d 15:3::25:5

Variation : the result one when the other

changes
Direct
Inverse

Percentage and Average

Percentage : by the hundred
2 = 200%, 1.5 = 150%
50 = 25% of 400
15% of 60 = 9

Average :

Rate

Average of 3,4,5,6,7 is (3+4+5+6+7)/5 = 5

Rate
Division by time

Powers and Roots

Power = root exponent
9 = 32

Root = index Power

3 = 327

Rules

ax ay = a x+y
ax/ay = ax-y
(ax)y = axy
1/ax = a-x
xa = a1/x

Logarithms
100 = 102
2 is the logarithm of 100 on the base 10

Log(ab) = loga + logb

Log(a/b) = log(a) log(b)
Log(ab) = b*log(a)
43 x 69 = x use logarithm tables to solve

Algebra
Objective :
To do algebraic operations
To solve linear equations, simultaneous
equations, and quadratic equations

Algebraic Operation
Algebra : Relations and properties of
numbers by means of letters, signs of
operations and other symbols.
Coefficient
3x + 4y
Expression
Term

Laws
Associative law
3a + (2b 3c) = (3a +2b) 3c
(a x b) x c = a x (b x c)

Commutative law
3a x 2b = 2b x 3a

Distributive law
a(b + c) = ab + ac

Special Products

(a + b) (a + b) = a2 +2ab + b2
(a - b) (a - b) = a2 - 2ab + b2
(a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2
(a + b) (a + ) = a2 +a(b + c) + bc
(a + b) (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
a3 + b3= (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
a3 - b3= (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)

Simplification of Expressions
Exercises

Equations
Linear equations
3x + 5 = 9x 7

Algebraic sentence

Word problems
Simultaneous equations

Quadratic Equations
ax2 + bx + c = 0
Solutions
By plotting graphs
By completing the square
By quadratic formula

b b 4ac
x
2a
2

Geometry
Objective :
To evaluate the areas and volumes of different
geometric shapes.
To understand the relationship of angular, linear
and irregular geometric figures.

Area And Volume

A = 4R2
A = R2
A = BH
V = 4R3/3
V = R2H
A = BH/2

A = BH

V = BHD
V = R2H/3

Fundamental Concepts
Point

Designation , + , x,

Line
One dimensional
Path traced by a point
Types
Segment
Straight
curved

Fundamental Concepts (Contd.)

Plane
Two dimensional
Path traced by a line

Volume
Three dimensional
Path traced by surfaces

Angles
Made by two straight lines which are
intersecting
Acute
Obtuse
Right

Measurement
Degree
Radian
Gradient
Revolutions

Triangles
Right
Isosceles
Equilateral
Scalene

Polygons
Square
Pentagon
Hexagon
Heptagon

Circles and Arcs

Area = r2 ,perimeter = 2r

AREA
1. TRIANGLE

H
B
A = 1/2 BH

Arithmetics

39

AREA
2. QUADRILATERAL
A. SQUARE

C. PARALLELOGRAM
H
B

A = BH
A.TRAPEZOID

A = S2

B1

B. RECTANGLE

B2
B

A = 1/2 ( B1 + B2) H

A = BH
Arithmetics

40

AREA

SECTOR

CIRCLE

A = R2

A = R2
360
Arithmetics

41

VOLUME

RECTANGULAR
BLOCK

CUBE

CIRCULAR
CYLINDER
R
H

H
S

V=S

W
L

V = HLW
Arithmetics

V = R2 H
42

VOLUME
FRUSTUM
OF A CONE

CONE

SPHERE

R
R

V = 1 R2 H
3

V = 1 H(R12 +R22+R1R2 )
3
Arithmetics

V = 4 R3
3
43

ALGEBRA
EXPRESS
ANALYZE
EG.
POWER = F ( FUEL, RPM)

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
3A = 3 X A
5B + 2C = 5 X B + 2 X C

TERM: PARTS OF EXPRESSION CONNECTED BY

ADDITION.
EG.

6X + 5Y
6X AND 5Y ARE TERMS OF THE EXPRESSION

COEFFICIENT: NUMERICAL PART OF A TERM.

EG. 6X + 5Y
6 & 5 ARE COEFFICIENTS.

RULES OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSION
1. ASSOCIATIVE LAW

2C + 4D + 3F = (2C + 4D) + 3F
= 2C + (4D + 3F)
2C X 4D X 3F = 2C X (4D X 3F)
= (2C X 4D) X 3F
= 24CDF

2. COMMUTATIVE LAW

2C + 4D = 4D + 2C

2C X 4D = 4D X 2C = 4CD

RULES OF ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSION
3. DISTRIBUTIVE LAW

2 (3 + 4) = 2X3 + 2X4 = 14
A ( B + C ) = AB + AC
(A + B) / C = A / C + B / C
A ( B - C ) = AB - AC
(A - B) / C = A / C - B / C

ALGEBRAIC ADDITION
LIKE TERMS: TERMS THAT HAVE THE SAME
SYMBOLIC PART.
TO ADD:
COLLECT LIKE TERMS
ADD COEFFICIENT

Eg.

3A + 5A + 9A = (3 + 5 + 9)A
= 17A

ALGEBRAIC MULTIPLICATION
FACTORS: PARTS OR ELEMENT
SYMBOLS OPERATED BY
MULTIPLICATION.
TO MULTIPLY:
COLLECT FACTORS

EG.

2 X B X C = 2BC

CONVENTION
BODMAS = ( BRACKET OF DIVISION,
MULTIPLICATION, ADDITION, AND
SUBTRACTION)
EG.
A + B X C = A + BC
(A + B) X C = AC + BC

SYMBOLS OF GROUPING
( ) , [ ], { }

Rules of Exponent
1. an = a. a. a. . a
(to n factors of a)
2 am . an = am+n
(a m)n = amn
(ab)n = an.bn
(a/b)n = an/bn
(1/b)n= 1/bn =b-n
am/an = a(m-n)
- - - - {If n is even (any integer)
1/ n
n
athen
a>o
aif n is- odd
then aR.}
a0 = 1, a0

Special Products and Factors

a2 - b2 = (a + b) (a b)
a2+2ab+b2 = (a+b) (a+b) = (a+b)2
a2 2ab + b2 = (a-b) (ab) = (a- b)2
a3 b3 = (a- b) (a2 + ab + b2)
a3 + b3 = (a+b) (a2 ab + b2)

Equation
Expression related to each other by an equality sign (=)
Eg.

2x2 + 4x +3 = 7x + 5
x+5y =2y+3x

Solving Linear Equation

Add or subtract the same number on both sides to
collect the same terms to one side.
Multiply or divide both sides by the same number to
solve for the variable.
Eg.
Step

3x + 5 = 2x + 7
3x + 5 5 = 2x + 7 5
3x = 2x + 2
3x 2x = 2x 2x + 2
x=2

Quadratic Equation
These are equation of second order.
Quadratic equation in one variable.
3x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 , a 0
Quadratic equation in two variable
ax2 + bx +c + dy2 + ey + f = 0
Where a, b, c, d, e, and f are constants. a and d are
different from zero.

Solving Quadratic Equation

Consider:

ax2 + bx + c = 0 , a 0
Case 1: When b = 0
ax2 + C = 0
,
Solving for x
x2 = -c
a

c
( )
a

c
0
a

Case 2: When c = 0
ax2 + bx = 0
Solving for x:
ax2 + bx = 0
x (ax + b ) = 0
x = 0 or ax + b = 0
ax = -b
x = -b/a

Case 3: a, b ,and c 0
Eqn. ax2 + bx + c = 0
This can be solved by one of the following.
Plotting ( inaccurate) **
Factorization
,
Completing the square
Quadratic formula
Quadratic Formula:

b b 2 4ac
X
2a

. . . . . .. . . . b 2 4ac 0

Simultaneous Equations
Linear simultaneous equation can be solved by
Graphical method (approximate)
Algebraic method
Elimination

Substitution (*)

Eg.
2x + 4y = 5
x+y =3

(1)
(2)

GEOMETRY
Fundamentals of geometry
1. Point .

5. Half Straight line

2. Line

6. Parallel line

3. Straight line

4. Line Segment

Geometry

59

Complementary Angles
Isosceles Triangle
Suplementary angles

Adjacent Angles

Equilateral Triangle

Right Angle Triangle

Oblique Angle Triangle

Geometry

60

7. Angle
c) Right angle

a) Straight angle
d) Acute
b) Obtuse

Geometry

61

Quadrilateral
Square

Rectangle

Circle
Chord

Sector

Parallelogram
Segment

Rhombus

Tangent to Circle

Geometry

62

Rules
1. Opposite or vertical angles are equal.

2. Alternate interior angles are equal.

Geometry

63

Rules
3. Corresponding angles are equal.

4. The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is always 180.

Geometry

64

Rules
5. Two triangles are similar when their corresponding angles are equal.
Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional
D
A
C

6. Two triangles are congruent

I. SAS
II. ASA
III. SSS
D

Geometry

65

Rules
7. Pythagoras Theorem
c

a 2 + b2 = c 2

8. The sum of the interior angles of a convex poly gon with

n-sides is
= (2n 4)rts. = 180(n - 2)

Geometry

66

Rules
9. The sum of the exterior angles of a convex polygon with n sides is
= 4 rts (360o).

10. If ABCD is a parallelogram

I.
II.
III.
IV.

AB = CD and AD =BC;
A = C and B = D;
BD bisect area ABCD.
AK = KC and BK = KD
Geometry

C
k

67

11. Condition for a quadrilateral to be a parallelogram

I. AB is equal and parallel to DC,
II. A=C and B = D
III. If AB = DC and AD =BC
A
IV. If AK = KC and BK=KD

12. Triangle
I.11. If in ABC, AC > AB then B > C.
II.If in ABC, B > C then AC > AB .
III.If ABC is any triangle, AB + AC > BC
Geometry

C
k

68

Rules
13. If CN is the perpendicular from C to a straight line
AB and NP then CN < CP

14. If H, K are the mid-points of AB, AC respectively, then

HK is Parallel to BC
HK = BC / 2
A
H
B

K
C

Geometry

69

Rules
15.

If two transversals ABCDE, PQRST are cut by the parallel

lines BQ, CR, DS, ET, and if BC=CD=DE then QR = RS = ST.
A
B
C
D

P
wQ
e
r R
e

16. The medians AD, BE, CF of ABC concur at a point G, such that
DG = 1/3DA
B
EG = 1/3 EB
D
FG = 1/3FG
F

G
A

E
Geometry

70

Rules
17. The perpendicular bisectors
of the three sides of a triangle
are concurrent. The point at
which they concur is the
circum-center of the triangle

18.The altitudes of a triangle are

concurrent
The point is called ortho-center
of the triangle
Geometry

71

Rules
19.The internal bisectors of the three angles of a triangle are concurrent.
The point at which they concur is called the in-center of the triangle

Geometry

72

Rules
Circle
If M is the mid-point of a chord AB of a circle, center o, then
< OMA = 1rt <
If the chords AB and CD of a circle are equal, they are equidistant
from the centre.
If the chords AB and CD of a circle equidistance from the centre,
then AB = CD
C
B
x

O
M

Geometry

73

Rules
There is one circle, and only one circle that pass through
three given points A, B, C not in the same straight line.
The perpendicular bisectors of AB , BC, and CA meet at
the centre 0 of the circle.
The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the center
is double that which subtends at any point on the
remaining part of the circumference
<AOB = 2 x <ACB
A
Ox
Geometry

B
74

The end.

Trigonometry

Sine = A/C
cosine = B/C
Tangent = B/A

Charts & Graphs