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HEAT TRANSFER

OPERATIONS
Introduction to Heat Transfer
Conduction, Convection, Radiation

Dr. Muhammad Rizwan


Assistant Professor
COMSATS

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of the


ability of the material to conduct heat.

By using fouriers law it can be defined as the rate of


heat transfer through a unit thickness of the material
per unit area per unit temperature difference

A simple experimental setup to determine the


thermal conductivity of a material

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Experimental Set up to determine thermal conductivity:

Heat a material of known thickness and area from one side by an electric
resistance heater of known output

Make sure that the outer surfaces of the heater are well insulated, in this way
all the heat generated will be transferred through the material.

At steady state, measure the two surface temperatures of the material.

Figure: A simple experimental setup to determine


the thermal conductivity of a material

THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY:

The product, Cp, is called the heat capacity of a material

Both tell about the heat storage capability of material

Thermal diffusivity is the property of material which represents how fast


heat diffuses through a material.

It can be defined as:

The larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster the movement of


heat into the medium

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER:

When heat energy is transferred from higher temperature region


to lower temp region through the displacement of particles of the
medium it is called convection.

Also, the heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas
that is in motion called convection.

The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer.

Depending on the displacement mechanism, it is divided into two types:

Free convection

Forced convection

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER:

Forced Convection: Some external energy is applied to force the fluid element
to change its position.

Free Convection: The fluid element changes its position due to density
difference which ultimately arises due to the temperature difference.

Rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the


temperature difference, and is conveniently expressed by Newtenss Law of
Cooling.

Where,
h is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m2.C
As is the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place
Ts is the surface temperature
T is the fluid temp sufficiently far from the surface

CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER:

The value of h depends on all the


variables influencing convection such as
the surface geometry, the nature of fluid
motion, the properties of the fluid, and the
bulk fluid velocity.

RADIATION:

Heat transfer caused by electromagnetic waves emitted by a body


due to its temperature.

It does not require any medium to transfer the heat.

All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal radiation.

The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an


absolute temperature Ts (in K or R) is given by the Stefan-Boltzman law:

Where,
=5.670373(21)108W m2K4 is the Stefan-Boltzman constant

HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION:

Heat transfer has magnitude as well as direction.

Heat conduction in a medium is three dimensional and time dependent, T =


T(x, y, z, t).

Temperature distribution is important to determine throughout the medium


in order to calculate the local heat transfer rate, thermal expansion and
thermal stresses at some critical location at a specified time.

Depending on the geometry involved, choose suitable coordinates such as


rectangular, cylindrical or spherical coordinates.

HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION:


Steady Vs Transient Heat Transfer

The term steady implies no change with


time at any point within the medium.

Whereas the Unsteady or transient means the


variation with time in the rate of heat transfer.

During steady state, although both quantities


may vary from one location to another.

It is assumed that the process is steady to solve


heat transfer problems, since steady processes
are easier to analyze.

HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION:


Multidimensional Heat transfer:

Heat transfer problems are classified as


one dimensional, two dimensional or
three dimensional.

Practically, temperature varies along all three


direction within the medium during heat
transfer process.

Heat transfer through the glass of a window


can be considered to be one-dimensional.

Heat transfer through a hot water pipe occurs


predominantly in the radial direction from the
hot water to the ambient, and heat transfer
along the pipe and along the circumference of
a cross section is typically negligible.

HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION:


Heat Generation:

A medium through which heat is conducted may involve the


conversion of electrical, nuclear, or chemical energy into heat
energy.

In heat conduction analysis, such conversion processes are characterized as


heat generation.

For example, the temperature of a wire rises rapidly when electric current
passes through it.

Heat generation is a volumetric phenomenon.

The total rate of heat generated in a medium of volume, V, can be determined


from:
Egen = egen.V

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ:

Useful to determine the temperature distribution when the


conduction is imposed on a medium

As a result conduction heat flux can be measured at any point in


the medium using Fouriers Law

Temperature distribution is also useful to ascertain structural


integrity by calculating thermal stresses, expansions and
deflections

Also important to optimize the insulation thickness

Temperature

distribution

pattern

varies

configuration (rectangular, cylinder, sphere etc)

with

different

GENERAL HEAT CONDUCTION EQ FOR


RECTANGULAR COORDINATED SYSTEM:

Based upon basic energy balance equations

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