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Definition:
Zoonoses are diseases mainly of vertebrate
animals that can also be transmitted to man.
The animal may either be asymptomatic or
symptomatic.
Mode of Transmission:
The knowledge of the mode of transmission is a
prerequisite for effecting prevention and control
of disease.
Mode of Transmission-2:
ORGANISMS
Tuberculosis (bovine)
Brucellosis
Salmonellosis
Salmonella typhimurium
Salmonella dublin
Other salmonella species
Q fever
Coxiella Burnetti
Listerosis
Listeria monocytogenes
Campylobacter Infection
Campylobacter jejuni
Mode of Transmission-3:
Mode of Transmission-4:
Arthropod vectors.
Bacterial Zoonoses
Tuberculosis
Organisms may be present in milk. Human
acquire the infection by drinking the infected
unpasteurized milk, resulting in infection of the
cervical glands and abdomen (TB. Abdomen).
Salmonellosis
Sources - poultry, cattle, pigs, rodents,
chickens and turkeys are good reservoirs of
infection.
Bacterial Zoonoses-2
Brucelosis
Causative organisms:
Brucella abortus
predilection for erythritol in bovine (but not in
human) placenta
localized in mammary glands of cattle - a
source of infection to man.
Farmers, vets - acquire infection by direct
contact with product of conception of cattles.
drinking unpasteurized milk from infected cows.
Laboratory accidents
Abraded skin, conjunctiva or alimentary tract
are other portals of entry.
Brucella melitensis
Causes Mediteranean or Malta fever:
Frequently present in unpasteurized milk
or cheeze products from goat and sheep
in Mediteranean and Middle East
countries.
Brucelosis: Pathogenesis
Organisms are intracellular parasites of
RES in bone marrow, liver, spleen
lymphnodes.
From these sites the bacteria pass into the
blood.
No person to person spread.
Brucelosis: Presentation
Acute Brucellosis
Incubation period : 2 - 3/52 due to Br. melitensis but mainly Br.
abortus.
high fever, headache, sweating, fatigue, join pains, splenomegaly
Subacute brucellosis
due to persistence of infection with Br. abortus for more than
1/52
recurrent attacks, lassitude in apparently well-looking patient.
Chronic brucellosis
last for many months or years
recurrent episodes of headache, flu-like illness, lassitude,
anxiety and depression
Subclinical brucellosis also occurs where there is no active
infection but patient has raised antibody titres. This is common in
Vets and farmers.
Brucelosis: Complication
Death by suicide
Endocarditis
Thrombophlebitis
Meningoencephilitis
Chronic arthritis
Granulomata in liver, bone marrow &
spleen
difficult interpretation
other test:
1. 2-mercapto ethanol test
2. Brucella complement fixation test (CFT)
3. Anti - human globulin test (AHG or Coombs test)
Brucelosis: Rx:
1.
2.
Cotrimoxazole x 2 -3/12
Brucelosis: Prevention
Pasteurization of milk
Vaccination of female calves
Monitoring of cattle for infection (milk-ring
test with a acethylene blue
Stained antigen to detect antibody in milk).
Eradication of brucella-infected cattle.
Protective clothes, goggles for vets.
Leptospirosis
Animal reservoir of leptospira
Small wild animals such as rodents, volves
Larger farm on domestic animals such as
pigs, cattle and puppies.
Habitat: Stagnant water and wet soil especially
when pH is alkaline contamination by
infected animal urine.
Classification:
Order Spirochaetales.
Family Leptospiraceae.
3 genera
Leptospira (the only pathogenic to animal
and man).
Leptonema.
Turneria.
Leptospires
Leptospirosis
majority asymptomatic
People at risk of infection
wet occupation eg. Rice farmers, miners
Leisure seekers - swimming in
contaminated water, playing with infected
Pet dog.
Incubation period : 7 - 12 days
Clinical features
Influenza-like illness characterised by
sudden onset of
Headache.
Muscle pain (lower back & calf)
Fever, occasional rigor.
Conjunctival suffusion.
Skin rash.
Clinical features
Severe cases may follow a biphasic
course:
=>Bacteraemic followed by
=> immune phase:- return of severe
headache, rigor & meningism. Bleeding;
jaundice & renal impairment.
Typically, bilirubin concentration is markedly
raised.Other LFTs also raised.
Prognosis good with adequate prompt Rx.
Lab. Diagnosis
Dark-ground microscopy
Blood
Urine
Blood culture - positive during first weeks of
illness.
=>Special culture media such as Fletcher's or
Korthoff's media
=>Guinea-pig inoculation.
Urine culture - positive result during 2nd
week.
Serology - CFT and Micro-agglutinins
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis - aerobic Gram - positive
spore-forming bacillus.
Anthrax is a disease primarily of sheep and
cattle.
Spores - survive for many years in contaminated
soil infection
mainly an occupational hazard in handless of
contaminated hides, hair and
products of cattle, the wool of sheep and bone
real
Anthrax : Presentation
A) Cutaneous anthrax characterized by
"Malignant pustule'
Coagulation necrosis of the centre of the pustule
result in the formation of
a dark eschar, which is later surrounded by
a ring of vesicles containing serous fluid and
an area of oedema and induration.
Anthrax : Presentation
B) Pulmonary anthrax ("woolsorter's diseases)
high mortality due to:=> intense inflammation.
=>
haemrrhage.
=> septicaemia.
Anthrax :
Diagnosis
Swab on BA
Rx: Penicillin
Prevention
vaccination
Burrying infected animal in quick hire.
Listeriosis
Listeria monocytogenes
GPB sometimes confused with streptococci or
diphtheroids.
Causes infection in different animal species - cattle,
pigs, rodents, birds fish and
Occasionally man is infected.
Habitat - faeces of animals, soil.
Infection
=> by direct contact
=> eating soft cheeses
=> sexually.
Listeriosis :
Lab. Diagnosis
Blood culture
CSF culture
Skin lesion -> culture
HVS in mothers with Neonated meningitis
Using BA.
Rx:
Ampicillin
Ampicillin and Genticin for mothers
Plaque
Yersinia pestis (plague bacillus)
- a short GNB, non-sporing, non-motile
- Occurs singly, in pairs or, when in liguid culture,
in chains.
- Pleomorphic.
- Grows aerobically & anaerobically at 0-37oC
Plaque
Incubation period
2 - 6 days
Bubonic Plaque: tender lymphadenopathy esp.
the inguinial
Febrile
Spread - blood
Haemorrhage
Plaque
Lab. Diagnosis
Sputum
Lymph node aspirate M/C/S
Characteristic GN bipolar staining coccobacilli
BA prolong culture
Rx: 1) Streptomycin
2) Chloramphenicol
3) Tetracycline
Prevention
Quarantine measure
Rodent control
Viral Zoonoses
Rabies
Lassa fever
Marburg virus disease
Yellow fever
Newcastle disease
Rabies
a lethal form of encephalitis.
Due to rabies virus which affects a wide
range of animal species.
Transmitted via the bite of an infected animal
but not always a dog.
Clinical features
Incubation period: long usually from 4 to 12
weeks , may even be longer. The nearer the
wound is to the head, the shorter the IC.
Spread : wound to CNS via nerves.
Rabies
Epidemiology
Rabies is a natural infection of dogs, cats,
bats and carnivorous wild animals such as
foxes, wolves, it sometimes affect cattle.
Vehicle of transmission: saliva of infected
animals.
Incidence: few.
Rabies -Virology:
Rhabdovirus; one serotype
RNA virus
Bullet shape; enveloped , helical-coiled nucloprotein.
Haemaglutinates goose erythrocytes.
Grow in hamster kidney and chick embryo cell
tissue cultures with eosinophilic cytoplasmic
inclusions but usually without CPE.
Pathogenic for mice and other laoratory
animals.
Rabies:
Diagnosis
Vaccination
Vaccine fisrt developed by Pasteur in 1885
Post-exposure- wound care; combined
passive and active immunisation.
Semple vaccine
Protozoal Zoonoses
Toxoplasmosis
Babesiosis
Leishmaniasis
Trypasmosomiasis
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