3.

lecture
Technical informatics

Previous lecture

Computer hardware
Data input/output devices
Computer networks
Internet
Cloud computing

Today
Operating systems

History
Functions
Files file systems
Versions

Infocommunication
Basics
Mobile communication
Cable communication

Why operating?
Operating system (OS)
Operation
Platform, system

Operating systems
Hardware: all the equipment that
enable the work of the computer
Software: all of things, which make
HW work
Base software (BIOS, Firmware)
System software
Applications

Operating system (OS):

software that manages the sharing of
the resources of a computer

Development of operating
systems I.
Time periods with unique problems
No operating system
Operator/programmer

Batch procedure
Programmer + operator + procedure list
Problematic data storage
Problems of debugging

Development of operating
systems II.
Monitor
Automatically loads the next task
Operator manages the peripheries

Multiprogramming
Scheduling
Random access storage
New task: storage management

Aim: efficient CPU usage

Development of operating
systems III.
Time-sharing
Direct, interactive communication between user
and software/operating system
Users on terminals
MIT&Bell&GE development: MULTICS

PC (user-computer structure)
Recent challenges
Worldwide network
Mobile platforms
Cloud computing

OS tasks

controlling and allocating memory

prioritizing system requests
controlling input and output devices
supporting networking and managing
file systems
ensures the efficient and secure
operation of the hardware and
software components

OS and its environment

User

pl. GUI

Operating
system

pl. driver

Hardware

pl. API

Application

Processes
and threads

Process

A program under
execution

Thread
Programparts using
common memory within
a process

Multitasking,
multi/hyperthreading
Multiple processes on
multiple threads
Using multiple CPUs/CPU
cores

User interfaces
Command line, menu-driven, graphic
(GUI)

Files
Programs: executable codes
(applications)
Documents: information collection
Container (directory, folder)
Rights

File systems
organizing disk sectors into files and
directories
associate file names with files
storing and organizing computer files
Storing, organizing, managing data
File-size, Number of files, max. disk
space, access, authorization

FAT16/32, NTFS, EXT2/3/4, XFS, ZFS,

CDFS

Computer operating
systems
DOS MS, DR
MacOS
UNIX
HP-UIX, AIX, SunOS, Solaris

Windows
3.x, NT, 9x, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8

Linux
RedHat, Debian, SuSe, Caldera

OS statistics

DOS
Disc Operating System
Birth: 1980 (IBM), 1981 (MS)
Own file-system: FAT
File-names: 8.3
Drives: C:, D:, A,
Config.sys, autoexec.bat

Some DOS commands

Clear screen: cls

List files: dir
Change directory: cd ..
File copy: copy setup.exe a:
File erase: del project.dat
Jokers: *, ?
Redirections: prog.exe > list.txt
Piping: type list.txt | sort

UNIX
Beginning: 1969 (AT&T Bell Lab)
[Ken Thomson & Dennis Ritchie]
Assembly, later C
Kernel + tools
Basically alphanumeric, but GUI (XWindow) can be used
Variations
UNIX-versions
Shells (sh, bsh, csh, ksh, bash, tcsh, zsh)

Some UNIX commands

File list: ls, ls -la, ll

Change directory: cd $home/gps
File copy: cp ./project.dat ../
File erase: rm file.txt
Change rights: chmod (ugoa) (+-=) (rwx)
name
Jokers: *, ?
Redirection: runfile > list.txt
Piping: type list.txt | sort

Windows
In the beginning under DOS: pl. Windows
3.0
Stand-alone OS: Windows NT
Variations: 3.1, 95, 98, NT3.51, NT4.0,
2000, ME, XP, Vista, 7, 8,
Basically graphic interface
File management: Explorer
File system: FAT32, NTFS
Registry

Windows features
Graphic interface: icon, menu, windows,

Server/workstation versions
Multi tasking
Multi user
32/64 bit versions
SW/driver requirements
File operation speed
Managing memory above 3GB

Open source software

Open source
Source code is open, available for further
development

Continuous testing (error fixing)

Up-to-date
Secure
Free

Support?
Drawbacks?

Linux

Linus Torvalds, 1991

Written in C
UNIX-similarity
Many (>40) distributions
Free (open) source code

Linux-commands,
customizing
UNIX similarity
Shell

Linux-environment

Using many OSs

Many computers
One computer, many partitions
One computer, emulator or virtual
machine
Virtual machine: e.g.VMware

Special OSs
Servers, mainframes,
supercomputers
PDA, PNA
Mobile phones
Tablets
Embedded systems
Specialities (e.g. alarm systems,
game consols)

Servers, mainframes,
supercomputers
Servers
Unix, Unix-based: >60%
Windows: <40%

Mainframe computers
Special, e.g. IBM z/OS
Unix, Linux

Supercomputers
Linux ~92%, Unix ~5%, Windows ~1%

PDA
PalmOS, Windows CE, Windows
Mobile,

Mobil phones (smart

phones)

Android
Windows Phone
iOS
Blacberry, Bada, Symbian

Mobile OS statistics
2011

2010

Android
Linux based
Google
Android
Market

iOS

Apple
iPhone, iPad, iPod touch
Home button multitasking
Appstore

Windows Phone
Microsoft
Closed systems
MS applications
skydrive, Office, Bing

Other applications
Facebook, Google

Primarily on Nokia phones

Data transmission - mobile

OS

Mobile communication, social

networks
(Hassan Charaf Ekler Pter BME
AUT)
3,5 billion phones
worldwide, half of
them are smart phones
more than 7 billion mobile subscriptions
first text message: 1992. Now: 7 billion
text messages in a day
2007: 1,2 billion Google search in a
day, 2012: 5,2 billion
We are living in exponential time!

Mobile application and service

statistics

Application downloads
Rate of users that buy
apps for max. $1
Avg number of apps
downloaded to phones
Number of apps in store
Total income in 2013

iPhone

Android

27 000 000
000

29 000 000
000

45%

62%

Blackberry

Windows

2 400 000 4 100 000

000
000
63%

58%

88
68
49
57
905 000
850 000
130 000
220 000
$6,400,000,0 $1,200,000,0 $550,000,00 $950,000,0
00
00
0
00

Tablet
iPad, Galaxy Tab, Kindle Fire etc.

netmarketshare.com

Embedded systems
Windows Embedded (CE or XP)
Linux (WRT)
FreeNAS

Info-communication
Sender

Channel

Receiver

Noise

Bandwidth (definition): maximal data amount

to be transferred through the channel
A.S.Tannenbaum

Transfer speed (baud rate): bit/s (b/s),

kilobit/s (kb/s), megabit/s (Mb/s)

Traditional and modern

communication tools

Telegraph
Telex
Telephone
Radio
Fax

Modem
Leased line
Optical cable
GSM
ISDN
ADSL
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
HSDPA

Transfer speeds

Mobile communication
Analogue cellular system
Frequency between 150 s 450 MHz

Digital cellular system

900, 1800 and 1900 MHz
f3

Accelerations

f2
f1

f2
f1
f3

f3
f2

f1
f2

f2
f1

f1
f3

Civil engineering
applications
Positioning
Cell-based
Handover mapping
Further potential

Analyzing mobility patterns

Humans
Vehicles
Commercial applications

LBS

Mobile penetration, EU

Fast mobile systems

GSM - Global System for Mobile
communication
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution
UMTS Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet
Access

Mobile generations (hvg)

Generatio
n

System

Time

Bandwidth

1G

NMT

1990-2003

Analogue

2G

GSM

1994-

14 kbit/sec

2.5G

GPRS

2001-

58 kbit/sec

2.75G

EDGE

2003-

236 kbit/sec

3G

UMTS

2005-

384 kbit/sec

3.5-3.75G

HSDPA, HSUPA

2006-

14/5.76 Mbit/sec

3.8G

HSPA+,
HSPA+MC

2010-

28/11 Mbit/sec

3.9G

LTE

2006 (trial)

300 Mbit/sec

4G

LTE-Advanced

1 Gbit/ec

Download speed depends

on:

Hardware, antenna
Distance from base station
Number of users in the same station
Traveling speed
Software

(test)

Fast cable systems I.

ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network
Narrowband
Broadband:
Download/Upload: 128 kb/s

ADSL Assymmetric Digital Subscriber

Line
Download: 512-2000 kb/s (max: 8096 kb/s)
Upload: 512 kb/s

ADSL2
Download/Upload: 12/24 Mb/s; 1 Mbit/s
Range limitations

Fast cable systems II.

SDSL
VDSL
Up to 100 Mbit/s
Faster than ADSL2 Within 1.5 km

VDSL2
Up to 250 Mbit/s

Leased line

WiFi - WiMax
WiFi

IEEE standard (802.11)

11-54 Mbit/s
802.11n: 300 Mbit/s
WEP, WPA, WPA2
10-100m range

WiMax (802.16)
Different identification (compared to WiFi)
Theoretical bandwidth: 70 Mbit/s / 100km

Applications
Voice and fax over the Internet
SIP Session Initation Protocol
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
FoIP Fax over Internet Protocol

Skype, MSN, Wengo, Viber

Control questions
1. What are the main tasks of operating
systems?
2. What are the advantages of Linux?
3. What are file systems responsible for?
4. What is 3G info-communication?
5. What broadband wireless systems do you
know?
6. What info-communication solutions would you
used in your small civil engineering company?

Thanks for your attention!