MAGNETIC FIELD

SUBJECT : ELECTROMAGNETICS THEORY

INTRODUCTION
Definition
A magnetic field is the magnetic effect of electric currents and magnetic
materials.
The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a direction and a
magnitude as such it is a vector field.
Denoted by : B or H
Unit

: Am1or A/m or teslas (T)

UNDERSTANDING
Whenever electron moves Magnetic Field is generated associated with
movement.
Now we are very well aware of magnetic field created by electric currents. We can
easily relate previous statement with this phenomenon.
However, magnetic field of permanent magnets can create confusion with that
statement. In permanent magnets, examining on atomic level we can notice the
movement of electrons with magnetic moments in one direction causing magnetic
field.
In non magnetic fields magnetic moments of electrons in every orbit is canceled by
each other.
Iron has two electrons that can be aligned, so it is the "strongest" magnetic material.

MAGNETIC FILED LINES

A pictorial representation of magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing
the strength and direction of the magnetic field . The direction of magnetic field
lines is defined to be the direction in which the north end of a compass needle
points.
There are many types of magnets differing by shape creating different patterns
of magnetic filed lines as below :

Magnetic field
by Bar magnet

Magnetic field
by Horseshoe
magnet

Magnetic field
by Horseshoe
magnet

Toroidal
Magnetic Field

PROPERTIES
They seek the path of least resistance between opposite magnetic poles. In
a single bar magnet as shown to the right, they attempt to form closed
loops from pole to pole.
They never cross one another.
They all have the same strength.
Their density decreases (they spread out) when they move from an area of
higher permeability to an area of lower permeability.
Their density decreases with increasing distance from the poles.
They are considered to have direction as if flowing, though no actual
movement occurs.
They flow from the south pole to the north pole within a material and
north pole to south pole in air.

DIFFERENTIATING B AND H
It's all to do with the difference between free charge and bound charge (which together make total
charge).
E and B are the total electric and magnetic fields.
D and H are the free electric and magnetic fields.
P and M are the bound electric and magnetic fields.
So E = D + P (except that for historical reasons E is defined differently, so we need to multiply it by the
permittivity, and for some reason P is multiplied by minus-one ).
And B = H + M (except that for the same historical reasons B is defined like E, so we need to divide it
by the permeability).
The latter equation says that the total magnetic field equals the free magnetic field plus the bound
magnetic field (the bound magnetic field is all those little loopy currents that make things magnetic).
When an electric current produces a magnetic field, it couldn't care what the field is going to be used for
(i.e. for bold sweeping field lines or pokey little loops inside matter), so it produces a total field, which
it's sensible to measure as B. But once we put matter in the way, we can only measure the free field, H.
Basically, (apart from the permeability factor, of course) B and H are the same away from matter, but in
or near matter the matter soaks up some of the B, and all we measure is what's left, the H.

DIFFERENTIATING B AND H (CONT.)

Based on Maxwell's equations, electric fields are generated by changing B fields,
while H fields are generated by changing electric fields.
In dc fields, static electric E fields create currents (magnetization currents) I
which in turn produce static H fields. A static B field cannot produce an electric
field E.
Even if we used natural units where 0 = 0 = 1, this distinction between B and
H remains. In magnetic materials, B is not linearly related to H due to the
magnetization term M. B = H in space, then B H in magnetic materials.
If voltage = d/dt Bn dA, then how can curl H= E = voltage/length if B = H?
So even if 0 = 0 = 1, they have to have units.
Important note : Magnetic Field term is historically assigned to symbol H and
B to all other terms. But generally in many books it is also used for B as well
and also used usually by physicists and professors.

BIOT-SAVART'S LAW
Biot-Savart's law states that, The magnetic field dH produced at a point P,
as shown in Figure, by the differential current element Idl is proportional to
the product Idl and the sine of the angle a between the element and the
line joining P to the element and is inversely proportional to the square of
the distance R between P and the element.
The direction of the current and magnetic field can be determined by right

hand thumb rule.
i.e.
or

BIOT-SAVART'S LAW (CONT.)

If we define K as the surface current density (in amperes/meter) and J as
the volume current density (in amperes/meter square), the source
elements are related as
Thus in terms of the distributed current sources, the Biot-Savart law as in
eq. in previous slide becomes,

AMPERE'S CIRCUIT LAW - MAXWELL'S

EQUATION
Ampere's circuit law states that, The line integral of the tangential
component of H around a closed path is the same as the net current
enclosed by the path.
In other words, the circulation of H equals ; that is,

By applying Stoke's theorem to the left-hand side of equation, we obtain

= =
but,

MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY - MAXWELL'S

EQUATION
The magnetic flux density B is similar to the electric flux density D. As D =
E in free space, the magnetic flux density B is related to the magnetic field
intensity H according to

where is a constant known as the permeability of free space.

The constant is in henrys/meter(H/m) and
has the value of

MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY - MAXWELL'S

EQUATION
The magnetic flux through a surface S is given by
where the magnetic flux f is in webers (Wb) and the magnetic flux
density is in webers/square meter (Wb/) or teslas.
The magnetic flux line is the path to which B is tangential at every point in a magnetic
field. It is the line along which the needle of a magnetic compass will orient itself if
placed in the magnetic field. The direction of B is taken as that indicated as "north" by

the needle of the magnetic compass. Notice that each flux line is closed and has no
beginning or end.
In an electrostatic field, the flux passing through a closed surface is the same as the
charge enclosed; that is, . Thus it is possible to have an isolated electric charge as
shown in Figure, which also reveals that electric flux lines are not necessarily closed.
Unlike electric flux lines, magnetic flux lines always close upon themselves as in
Figure. This is due to the fact that it is not possible to have isolated magnetic poles (or
magnetic charges).

MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY - MAXWELL'S

EQUATION
Thus the total flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field must be zero;
that is,
This equation is referred to as the law of conservation of magnetic flux or Gauss's
law for magnetostatic fields just as is Gauss's law for electrostatic fields. Although
the magnetostatic field is not conservative, magnetic flux is conserved.
By
applying the divergence theorem to equation, we obtain

=
or
This equation is the fourth Maxwell's equation to be derived. This equations
shows that magnetostatic fields have no sources or sinks. Last equation
suggests that magnetic field lines are always continuous.

PRESENTATION BY

Arjun Dedaniya (130170111016)

Asif Faruki

(130170111020)

Poorn Mehta

(130170111052)

No man really becomes a fool until he stops

asking questions.
- CHARLES P. STEINMETZ

Thank You!