Prepared by :-

Vaibhav Shrivastava
 Indian Railways

 Indian railway is 150 years old

 Largest Railway system in world under one management

 Lifeline of the country

 Biggest civilian employer in the world

 No strike in last 30years despite 17 lakh workers

 Targeted by public during any Rally, agitation etc.

 General Information

 Indian Railways covers 64000 of route km along length &

width of the country

 It runs 12000 trains every day

 Carry 1.4 crore passengers & 16 lakh tonnes of goods

every day

 Fuel efficient system

 Infrastructure

 Railways has 7500 engines, 38000 coaches & about 2.5 lakh
of wagons

 7000 stations & about 500 computerized passenger

reservation centers

 1 lakh km of track

 17 lakh employee (10 lakh in Group C) including 10000

officers

 6 lakh staff Quarters & Biggest township Kharagpur has

12000 Quarters
 Organisation

3 tier Management system

 Top – Railway board or Ministry of Railways headed by

Chairman Railway Board

 Middle -16 zones headed by General Managers

 Bottom -67 divisions headed by Division Railway

Managers
Digitalisation
of
Indian
Railways
 Photovoltaic Technology

 Alternative method of supplementing grid supply by the use of

Diesel Generator sets pose considerable logistic problems

 (PVs) are arrays of cells containing a Solar photovoltaic material

that converts solar radiation into direct current electricity

 Materials presently used for photovoltaics include

monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline
silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide/sulfide

 Solar cells produce direct current electricity from light, which

can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery
 Passenger
Reservation
System (PRS)
 Passenger reservation system

 Around 5.5 lakhs passengers in reserved accomodations

everyday

 PRS facilitates booking and cancelling of tickets from any

of the 4000 Terminals all over the country

 PRS was launched on 15 November 1985 (IMPRESS)

 1987- PRS implemented at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata

and Secunderabad

 Failure of IMPRESS due to addition of new locations and

many redefinitions
 Passenger reservation system
Continue. . .

 Country Wide Network for Computerised Enhanced

Reservation and Ticketing (CONCERT) was developed by
the Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS), New
Delhi & implemented in 1994 at secunderabad

 PRS servers maintained at the five sites in Delhi, Mumbai,

Kolkata, Chennai and Secunderabad and operate in a
distributed database process environment

 PRS networking of entire Indian Railways completed in

April, 1999
 Passenger reservation system
Continue. . .

 PRS is running currently at 1,200 locations, Deploying 4,000

terminals , covering journeys of 3,000 trains and executing ONE
MILLION passenger transactions per day

 Internet booking of tickets was started In August 2002

 TATKAL has been converted from a separate coach to a normal

Quota and enabled for all trains in 2004

 Internet booking timings extended to 5:30 a.m. – 11:30 p.m.

from March 2005
 CONCERT NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Delhi PRS kolkata PRS

2 MBPS (x2) Leased 2 MBPS (x2) Leased
Line Line6

2 MBPS (x2) Leased

Mumbai PRS Line

Secunderabad PRS
2 MBPS Leased Line

2 MBPS Leased Line Delhi

2 MBPS (X 2) Leased Calcutta

Line

Mumbai
SecBad

Chennai PRS
Chennai
Communication of all terminals with their server was established using
Railway/Department of Telecommunication (DOT) channel lines, fibre
optic cable/microwave channels, switches, modem, multiplexers etc

System has the capability of issuing reserved tickets from anywhere to

anywhere, in any train, date or class between any pair of stations from
any booking terminal of the PRS

Main modules of the PRS are the Reservation module, the Cancellation
and Modification Module, the Charting Module, the Accounting
Module and the Database Module

Major outputs generated by the system are Reservation cum journey

tickets, Cancellation/Modification tickets, Reservation Charts
and Daily Terminal Cash Summary
 Unreserved
Ticketing System
(UTS)
 Printed ticket
 Till the 1990s, tickets were manually issued

 Printed Card Ticket (PCT) had all the details like origin,
destination, class, fare etc

 Booking clerk had to stamp the date and time of issue using a
dating machine

 Today:
•17 million passengers travel by Indian Railways every day
•Less than 1 million travel on reserved tickets
•Unreserved passengers contribute over 8700 crores anually to
railway revenues that is around 53% of Indian Railways income
from passenger traffic
 Printed tickets : Why Not ?

 Every station had to stock tickets for every possible destination

 Stations were required to stock 10-20 months requirement of

tickets

 Protection of tickets from termites, rodents, leaky roofs etc. was

also required because each PCT had a monetary value

 Since PCTs had the fare pre-printed on them, whenever a fare

change was to be implemented the station staff at each station had
to manually correct the fare on each ticket in stock
 Printed tickets : Why Not ?
Continue. . .

 Misuse of PCT- like re-use if the issue date impression

was faint

 Handling of tickets for all destinations was not possible

at important junctions

 Accounting reports were sent manually to Zonal

Railway headquarters on a 10 day periodicity
 Self Printing Ticketing Machine
A step towards
modernisation. . .
 In 1990s microprocessor based SPTMs were introduced at
selected busy stations of Indian Railways

 Advantages of SPTM
• Large stocks of pre-printed tickets were not required
• The machines printed the details of each ticket on
demand on pre-formatted security paper
• Paper tickets were eliminated.
• SPTM tickets could not easily be faked or re-used.
• Universal counters selling tickets for all directions
became possible.
• Station Accounting was done by the computer, saving
manual effort
 Drawback of SPTM
 In case of change in fares each machine’s programming logic
and data base had to be corrected individually by a trained engineer

 A passenger could buy a ticket from any counter at a station,

cancellation had to be done at the same counter from which the
ticket was bought

 Revenue accountal data had to still be manually carried to each

Zonal Railway headquarter for central accounting which continued
to be unreliable and out of date

 Unreserved ticketing requires 24x7 operations, thus SPTM

resulted in frequent breakdowns because of the tough
environmental conditions at railway stations
 Birth of UTS

 CRIS developed UTS & it was implemented in 2002

 UTS is developed on UNIX operating system with C++ language

interface for the front-end and SYBASE for the backend database

 UTS provides the facility to purchase unreserved tickets three days

in advance of the date of journey

 Passenger can buy a ticket for any destination from the UTS counter
for all destinations which are served by that station

 Passengers can cancel their tickets upto one day in advance of the
journey from any station provided with a UTS counter
 Advantages of UTS

 Reduced queue length

 Enable advance planning of unreserved journey

 Reduced crowds at booking offices and stations, making

ticket purchase more comfortable

 Allow Indian Railways to plan extra trains and coaches

as per trend of sales registered in the system

 Unreserved itinerary planning possible, tickets available

from any station to any station
Freight Operation
Information
System (FOIS)
 Freight is the backbone of the Indian Railways and
contributes more than 66 per cent of this organisation's earnings

 FOIS is an integrated information and management system

for controlling and monitoring the multifarious activities in
freight operations

 Computerized FOIS covers almost the entire Indian Railways

network

 FOIS enables Continuous cargo visibility

 FOIS comprises the Rake Management System (RMS) for

handling the operating portion and Terminal Management
System (TMS) pertaining to the commercial transactions
 Functionality : FOIS

 Live monitoring of all freight trains giving their current position in

computerised territory and their expected time of arrival at
destination

 Commodity wise flow of freight trains for customers like power

houses, refineries, fertilisers and cement plants, steel depots and
public freight terminals, enabling the recipients of consignments to
have an accurate forecast of cargo arrivals, giving them adequate
time to complete preparatory arrangement to handle the cargo

 Monitoring of out bound loaded rakes in the same manner.

 Functionality : FOIS
Continue. . .

 Monitoring of detachments from block rakes to track

wagons getting detached at a location or missing

 Analysis of total demand for rail transport and its

logical matching with incoming rakes to optimise supply
of empty rakes for loading

 Generates as many as 163 managerial reports

 System
Architecture
 Based on client server

 Technology using middle ware &

RDMS

 Application servers linked to a

central database
National Train
Enquiry System
(NTES)
Provides information regarding

 Arrival/Departure of passenger trains including Expected time

of arrival (ETA) of trains

 Platform berthing of passenger trains

 Journey Planning

 Facilities available at stations

 Railway Rules
 Running Status of Trains (trains running
on/behind schedule)

 Expected Arrival of all trains at a station

during the selected timeframe

 Expected Departure of all trains at a station

during the selected timeframe

 List of all trains running between the selected

source and destination stations

 Interlinking between Modules

 Parcel Management System

Following Functions are covered

 Parcel Booking, Cancellation and Loading

 Monitoring and tracking of Parcels

 Demurrage and Wharfage Calculation

 Printing of Parcel labels

 Networking of all parcel offices

 RFID tags for tracing parcels

 Benefits of Digitalisation

 Large complex Infrastructure System such as the Indian

Railway can benefit greatly from the intelligent use of IT

 Using information technology for greater efficiency

 Added advantages
•Freight revenue enhancement
•Passenger revenue enhancement
•Improvements in Customer and public service
•Investment optimization