Chapter 5

Ch5.
(Magnetostatics)
5.1 (The Lorentz Force Law)

5.2 (The Biot-Savart Law)
5.3 (The Divergence and Curl of
B)
5.4 (Magnetic Vector Potential)
Y.M. Hu, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung
5.1.1 The Lorentz Force Law- (Magnetic Fields)
Bar magnet
Conducting wire
Parallel wires carrying currents in the

same direction attract each other
Parallel wires carrying currents in
opposite direction repel each other
5.1.2.1 (Magnetic Forces)

The Lorentz force F FE FB qE qv B
Additional speed parallel to B

y( t ) B cos t A sin t
E0
tE
B0
z( t ) A cos t B sin t C
But the particle started from rest ( y
(0) z (0) 0 ), at the origin ( y(0) z(0) 0 );
E0
tE
B0
y(0) B E 0
z ( 0) A C 0
EB0
y ( t ) B sin t A cos t
y (0) A
E0
B0
E0
0
B0
z ( t ) A sin t B cos t
z (0) B 0
A
E0
C
B 0

E0
E
t E 0 (t sin t )
B0
B 0
E0
(1 cos t )
B0
E0
R
B0
y( t ) Rt R sin t
[ y( t ) Rt ]2 R 2 sin 2 t
z( t ) R R cos t
[z( t ) R ]2 R 2 cos 2 t
[ y ( t ) R t ]2 [ z ( t ) R ]2 R 2
This is the formula for a circle, of radius R, whose center (0, Rt, R) travels in
the y-direction at a constant speed
E0
v R
B0
5.1.3.1 (Currents)
Example 5.3 : A rectangular loop of wire, supporting a mass m, hangs vertically

with one end in a uniform magnetic field B, which points into the page in the
shaded region. For what current I, in the loop, would the magnetic force upward
exactly balance the gravitational force downward?
Fmag IBa mg
mg
I
Ba
5.1.3.2 (Currents)
What happens if we now increase the current?
Fmag IBa mg
The loop rises a height of h
Wmag Fmag h IBah 0
quB
Fmag
Fvert qwB awB IaB
qwB
v
w
Rise the loop
Fhoriz quB auB
Wagent Fhoriz wdt auBwdt aB uwdt IBah
5.1.3.3 (Currents)
Example 5.4
a) A current I is uniformly distributed over a wire of circular cross section,
with radius a. Find the volume current density J.
I
J 2
a
b) Suppose the current density in the wire is proportional to the distance
from the axis, J = ks. Find the total current in the wire.
The current in the shaded path
Jda J (sd)(ds) ks 2 dsd

a
3
2
ka
I Jda ks 2 dsd 2k s 2 ds
3
0
5.1.3.4 (Currents)
The current crossing a surface S can be written as

I Jda J da
S
The total charge per unit time leaving a volume V is
J da ( J )d
S
Because charge is conserved
J
)
d
(
) d
V
dt V
t
V
J
t
Continuity equation
5.2.1 (Steady Currents)
Continuity equation
J
0
t
Actually, it is not necessary that the charges be stationary, but only

that the charge density at each point be constant ( be independent
with time).
5.2.2 (The Magnetic Field of a Steady

Current)
Example 5.5
Find the magnetic field a distance s from a long straight wire carrying a
steady current I

Current)
0 I d r
B
4 r 2
s tan
s
d
d
2
cos
d r dsin dcos
B
0I
4
d r
r2
1 cos 2
2
r
s2
s
d
cos
0I
s
cos 0 I
d
cos d
2
4 1 cos
s
4s 1
2
0I
I
I
(sin 2 sin 1 ) 0 [1 (1)] 0

4s
4s
2s
1 , 2
2
2

Current)
The field at 2 due to 1 is
0 I1
B
2d
into the page

F I d B
The force on 2 due to 1 is
0 I1
F I2 (
) d
2d
The force per unit length
0 I1I 2
F
2d

Current)
Example 5.6
Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop
0 I d s r 0 I
ds
dB
2
4 r
4 ( x 2 R 2 )
0 I ds cos
Bx dB cos
4 ( x 2 R 2 )
R
cos 2
( x R 2 )1/ 2
0 IR
0 IR 2
Bx
ds
2
2 3/ 2
4( x R )
2( x 2 R 2 ) 3 / 2

Current)
For surface and volume currents, the Biot-Savart Law becomes
0 K ( r ' )
B( r )
da '
2
0 J ( r ' )
B( r )
d'
2
Problem 5.8
a) Find the magnetic field at the center of a square loop, which carries a steady
current I. Let R be the distance from center to side.
0I
0I
2 0 I
2
2
B
(sin 2 sin 1 )
(
)
4s
4R 2
2
4R
for
Four sides
s R , 2 450 1
B4
2 0 I
2 0 I
4R
R

Current)
b) Find the field at the center of a rectangular n-sided polygon, carring a steady
current I. Let R be the distance from center to any side.
0I
0I
0I
B
(sin 2 sin 1 )
(sin sin )
sin
4s
4R
n
n
2R
n
R
,
1
for
2
n
n sides
Bn
0I
sin
2R
n
c) Check that your formula reduces to the field at the center of a circular loop,
in the limit n .
n

sin 2 sin 1 sin
n n
n 0 I
n 0 I 0 I
B
sin
2R
n 2R n 2R

Current)
Problem 5.9
Find the magnetic field at point P for each of the steady current configurations.
The vertical and horizontal lines produce no field at P.
I
P
The two quarter-circles
0I 1 1
1 0I 0I
B (
)
( )
4 2a 2b
8 a b
R
The two half-lines are the same as one infinite line
P
I
The half-circle:
0I
B
2R
0I
B
4R
Total:
0I
2
(1 )
4R
5.3.1.1 (Straight-Line
Currents)
The magnetic field of an infinite straight wire

0I
0I
B d 2s d 2s d 0 I
Notice that the answer is independent of s; thats because B decreases at the
same rate as the circumference increases.
In fact, it doesnt have to be a circle; any old loop that encloses the wire would
give the same answer. For if we use cylindrical coordinates (s,,z), with this
current flowing along the z axis,
0I
d dss sd dzz
2s
2
0I 1
0I
B d 2 s sd 2 0 d 0 I
This assumes the loop encircles the wire exactly once.

5.3.1.2 (Straight-Line
Currents)
Suppose we have a bundle of straight wires. Each wire that posses through
our loop contributes 0I, and those outside contribute nothing.

B d 0 Ienc
I4
I3
I2
I enc : total current enclosed by the integration path
I1
If the flow of charge is represented by a volume current density J, the enclosed

current is
Applying Stokes theorem
I enc J da

B d ( B) da 0 Ienc 0 J da
B 0 J
5.3.2.1 (The Divergence and Curl of B)
d
(x,y,z)
(x,y,z)
The Biot-Savart law for the general case of a
volume current reads
0 J ( r ' )
B( r )
d'
2
J ( r ' )
B( r )
[
]d'
(A B) B ( A ) A ( B)
2
[ J ( r ' ) 2 ] 2 [ J ( r ' )] J ( r ' ) ( 2 )
J ( r ' ) 0 Because J doesnt depend on the unprimed variables (x,y,z)
2 0
[J( r ' ) 2 ] 0
B( r ) 0
The divergence of the magnetic field is zero!

0
0 J ( r ' )
J ( r ' )
[
]d'
B( r )
d' B( r )
2

(A B) ( B )A (A )B A ( B) B( A)
[ J ( r ' ) 2 ] ( 2 ) J ( r ' ) [ J ( r ' ) ] 2 J ( r ' )( 2 ) 2 [ J ( r ' )]
=0
=0
[ J ( r ' ) 2 ] [ J ( r ' ) ] 2 J ( r ' )( 2 )
3
3
( 2 ) 4 () 4 ( r r ' )
[J( r ' ) ] 2 [J( r ' ) ' ] 2
f (x x' )
f (x x' )
x
x '
x x'
The x component [ J ( r ' ) ' ]( 3 )
(fA ) f ( A ) A (f )
A (f ) (fA) f ( A )
x x'
x x'
x x'
[ J ( r ' ) ' ]( 3 ) '[ 3 J ( r ' )] ( 3 )[ ' J ( r ' )]
For steady currents the divergence of J is zero ' J ( r ' ) 0
x x'
x x'
[ J ( r ' ) ' ]( 3 ) '[ 3 J ( r ' )]
This contribution to the integral can be written
x x'
x x'
V '[ 3 J ( r ' )]d' S 3 J ( r ' ) da ' 0
On the boundary J = 0
0
J ( r ' )
B( r )
[
]d'
2
3
3
[ J ( r ' ) 2 ] J ( r ' )( 2 ) 4J ( r ' ) ( ) 4J ( r ' ) ( r r ' )
0
3
J ( r ' )
0
B( r )
[
]d'
4J ( r ' ) ( r r ' )d' 0 J ( r )
2
B( r ) 0 J ( r )
Ampres law in differential form
5.3.3.1 (Applications of Ampres Law)

Ampres law in differential form
Ampres law in integral form
B( r ) 0 J ( r )

( B) da B d 0 J da 0 Ienc
Example 5.8
Find the magnetic field of an infinite uniform surface current K Kx ,

flowing over the xy plane
What is the direction of B?

From the Biot-Savart law

BK
Could it have a z-component ? no (symmetry)

The magnetic field points to the left above the plane and to the right below it

B d 2B 0 Ienc 0 K
0K
y
2
K
0 y
2
0K
2
for z 0
for z 0

Example 5.9
Find the magnetic field of a very long solenoid, consisting of n closely wound
turns per unit length on a cylinder of radius R and carrying a steady current I.

B d s B d s B ds B
side1
side1

B d s B 0 NI
Where N is the number of turns in the length
N
B 0 I 0 nI

Example 5.10
Find the magnetic field of a toroidal coil, consisting of a circular ring around
which a long wire is wrapped.

B d s B ds B(2r ) 0 NI
0 NI
B
2 r

Problem 5.13
A steady current I flows down a long cylindrical wire of radius a. Find the
magnetic field, both inside and outside the wire, if
(a). The current is uniformly distributed over the outside surface of the wire.
(b). The current is distributed in such a way that J is proportional to s, the
distance from the axis.
a
(a)

B d 2sB 0 Ienc
0 for s a
B 0I
2s for s a

(b)
J ks
2ka 3
I Jda ks(2s)ds
3
0
3Is
J ks
2a 3
3I
2a 3

B d 2sB 0 Ienc
For s < a
s

3Is
3 0 I 1 3 0 Is3
B d 2sB 0 Ienc 0 0 2a 3 2sds a 3 3 s a 3
For s > a
0 Is 2
B
2a 3
a

3Is
3 0 I 1 3
B
sB
sds
a 0I
0 enc
0
3
3
2a
a 3
0
0I
2s
5.3.4. (Comparison of Magnetostatics

and Electrostatics)
The divergence and curl of the electrostatic field are
1
E
0
E 0
Gausss law
The divergence and curl of the magnetostatic field are
B 0
B 0 J
Ampres law
The electric force is stronger than the magnetic force. Only when both the
source charge and the test charge are moving at velocities comparable to the
speed of light, the magnetic force approaches the electric force.
5.4.1.1. (Magnetic Vector Potential)
E 0
E V
V: electric scalar potential
You can add to V any function whose gradient is zero
(V f ) V f V
A: magnetic vector potential

B 0
B A
You can add to A any function whose curl is zero
( A ) A A
2
B ( A) ( A) A 0 J
We will prove that A 0 :
B A
Suppose that our original vector potential A 0 is not divergenceless
A0 0
Because we can add to A 0 any function whose curl is zero

A A 0
A A 0 A 0 2
If a function can be found that satisfies
A 0
A 0
2
Mathematically identical to Poissons equation V
In particular, if goes to zero at infinity, then the solution is
1
40
d'
By the same token, if A 0 goes to zero at infinity, then
1 A0
d'
It is always possible to make the vector potential divergenceless
so
A 0
2
2
B ( A) A A 0 J
This again is a Poissons equation
Assuming J goes to zero at infinity, then
0 J ( r ' )
A( r )
d '
For line and surface currents
0 I ( r ' )
A( r )
d'
0 K ( r ' )
A( r )
da '

Example 5.11
A spherical shell, of radius R, carrying a uniform surface charge

, is set spinning at angular
velocity . Find the vector potential
it produces at point r .
r'
The integration is easier
if we let r lie on the z

axis, so that is titled at
an angle .
0 K ( r ' )
A( r )
da '
x

v r '
sin
where K v
R 2 r 2 2Rr cos '
cos
R sin ' cos ' R sin ' sin ' R cos '
R[ (cos sin ' sin ' ) x (cos sin ' cos ' sin cos ' ) y (sin sin ' sin ' )z]
Because
sin ' d'
cos ' d' 0 We just consider
v R sin cos ' y
0 ( R sin cos ' ) 2

A( r )
R sin ' d' d'y
2
2
4
R r 2Rr cos '
0 R 3 sin
sin ' cos '
(
d') y
2
2
2
R r 2Rr cos '
0

u cos ' , the integral becomes
Letting
sin ' cos '
R r 2Rr cos '

2
d'
u
R r 2Rru
2
du
1
u
1
2
2
3/ 2
[
R 2 r 2 2Rru
(
R
2
Rru
)
]
2 2
Rr
3R r
1
[
(R r Rru )
2
2
R
r
2Rru ]
2 2
3R r
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
[(
R
Rr
)
R
(
R
r
Rr )(R r )]
2 2
3R r
If the point
2r
I
lies
inside
the
sphere,
Then
R
>
r.
r
2
If the point
r lies outside the sphere, Then R < r.
3R
2R
I 2
3r

0 R 3 sin
sin ' cos '
0 R 3 sin
A( r )
(
d') y
Iy
2
2
2
2
R r 2Rr cos '
0
If the point
2r
r lies inside the sphere, Then R > r. I 2
If the point
r lies outside the sphere, Then R < r.
Noting that

( r ) r sin y
3R
2R
I 2
3r
For the point inside the sphere

0 R 3 sin
0 R 3 sin 2r
0 R
A( r )
Iy
y
( r )
2
2
2
3R
3
For the point outside the sphere

0 R 3 sin
0 R 3 sin 2R
0 R 4
A( r )
Iy
y
( r )
2
3
2
2
3r
3r
We revert to the original coordinates, in which coincides
with the z axis and the point r is at (r,,)

For the point inside the sphere
0 R 0 R
A( r )
( r )
r sin
3
3
2 0 R
2 R
B A( r )
(cos r sin ) 0
z
3
3
The magnetic field inside this spherical shell is uniform!
For the point outside the sphere
0 R 4 0 R 4
A( r )
( r )
sin
3
2
3r
3r

Example 5.12
Find the vector potential of an infinite solenoid with n turns per

unit length, radius R, and current I
0 I ( r ' )
We cannot use A ( r )
d' because the current itself extends
to infinity.

Notice that
A d ( A) da B da
Since the magnetic field is uniform inside the solenoid : B 0 nIz

0 nIs
2
A
For s < R
A d A(2s) B da 0 nI(s )
2
For an amperian outside the solenoid

2
A
A
(
2
s
)
d
a
nI
(
R
)
0
0 nIR 2
A
For s > R
2s
5.4.2.1. ; (Summary; Magnetostatic

Boundary Conditions)
0 J( r ' )
A( r )
d'
0 J ( r ' )
B( r )
d'
2
A 0 J
B 0 J

A B
?

B 0

( B)d B da 0
Babove
Bbelow
For an amperian loop running perpendicular to the current

//
//
B
(
B
B
above
below ) 0 I enc 0 K
//
//
Babove
Bbelow
0K
Perpendicular to the current

For an amperian loop running parallel to the current

//
//
B
(
B
B
above
below ) 0 I enc 0
//
//
Babove
Bbelow
Parallel to the current
Babove B below 0 (K n )
Where n is a unit vector perpendicular to the surface, pointing upward.

The vector potential is continuous across any boundary
A d ( A) nda B nda
For an amperian loop of vanishing thickness
A above A below
x
//
above
//
below
A
( A) y / x / y / z
B
0K
z
A
0
0 y
A above A below
0 K
n
n
5.4.3.1. (Multipole Expansion of

the Vector Potential)
A multipole expansion which is an approximate formula and valid at
distant points) for the vector potential of a localized current distribution.
'
r'
d r ' d '
1 r' n
( ) Pn (cos ' )
2
2
r (r ' ) 2rr ' cos ' r n 0 r
1

0I 1 0I 1
n
A( r )
d '
(r ' ) Pn (cos ' )d '
n 1
4
4 n 0 r
0I 1 1
1
1
2 3
2
A( r )
[ d ' 2 r ' cos ' d ' 3 ( r ' ) ( cos ' )d ' ....]
4 r
r
r
2
2
monopole
d ' 0
dipole
quadrupole
The magnetic monopole tern is always zero
B 0

0I
0I
A dip ( r )
r ' cos ' d '
( r r ' )d '
2
2
4r
4r

c
Let v cT , where
is a constant vector.
c
T
'
'
c
T) n ' da '
v d ' ( 'v) n ' da '

area
area

'(cT) ( 'c)T ' T c ( 'c)T c ' T c ' T
c
T
'
n
'
(
c
'
T
)
da
'
( ' T n ' )da '

area
Let
T r r'
Td' ( ' T n ' )da '
area
area
(r r ' )d ' [ ' (r r ' ) n ' ]da '

(r r ' )d ' (r n ' )da ' r
area
area
n
'
da
'
area
1

1
a r 'd ' n 'da '
(r r ' )d ' r ( r 'd ')
2
2

0I
0I
0I
A dip ( r )
(r r ' )d '
( r a )
(a r )
2
2
2
4r
4r
4r
0 m

r
where
m I da Ia
A dip ( r )
2
4 r

Example 5.13
Find the magnetic dipole moment of the Bookend-shaped loop shown
in Figure below. All sides have length w, and it carries a current I.
w
w
w
The wire could be considered the superposition of two plane square
loops shown in Fig. 5.53 of text book.
The combined (net) magnetic dipole moment is
m Iw 2 y Iw 2 z

The magnetic dipole moment is independent of the choice of origin.
The magnetic field of a (pure) dipole is easier to calculate if we put the
dipole moment at the origin and let it point in the z-direction.
0 m
r
A dip ( r )
4 r 2

Bdipole ( r ) A( r )
0 m sin
A dip ( r )
2
4 r
r
r sin
1
/ r /
/
2
r sin
0 m sin
0
0
r sin (
)
2
4r
0m
(2 cos r sin )
3
4r
This is identical in structure to the field of an electric dipole!


Chapter 5

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Chapter 5

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Ch5.

5.1 (The Lorentz Force Law)

5.1.1 The Lorentz Force Law- (Magnetic Fields)

Parallel wires carrying currents in the

5.1.2.1 (Magnetic Forces)

5.1.2.2 (Magnetic Forces)

5.1.2.3 (Magnetic Forces)

5.1.2.4 (Magnetic Forces)

Example 5.3 : A rectangular loop of wire, supporting a mass m, hangs vertically

The loop rises a height of h

Wmag Fmag h IBah 0

Fvert qwB awB IaB

Rise the loop

Fhoriz quB auB

Wagent Fhoriz wdt auBwdt aB uwdt IBah

Jda J (sd)(ds) ks 2 dsd

The total charge per unit time leaving a volume V is

Because charge is conserved

5.2.1 (Steady Currents)

Actually, it is not necessary that the charges be stationary, but only

5.2.2 (The Magnetic Field of a Steady

5.2.3 (The Magnetic Field of a Steady

(sin 2 sin 1 ) 0 [1 (1)] 0

5.2.4 (The Magnetic Field of a Steady

into the page

The force per unit length

5.2.5 (The Magnetic Field of a Steady

Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop

5.2.6 (The Magnetic Field of a Steady

For surface and volume currents, the Biot-Savart Law becomes

5.2.7 (The Magnetic Field of a Steady

5.2.8 (The Magnetic Field of a Steady

The two quarter-circles

The two half-lines are the same as one infinite line

This assumes the loop encircles the wire exactly once.

I enc : total current enclosed by the integration path

5.3.2.1 (The Divergence and Curl of B)

[ J ( r ' ) 2 ] 2 [ J ( r ' )] J ( r ' ) ( 2 )

J ( r ' ) 0 Because J doesnt depend on the unprimed variables (x,y,z)

The divergence of the magnetic field is zero!

5.3.2.2 (The Divergence and Curl of B)

[ J ( r ' ) 2 ] ( 2 ) J ( r ' ) [ J ( r ' ) ] 2 J ( r ' )( 2 ) 2 [ J ( r ' )]

[ J ( r ' ) 2 ] [ J ( r ' ) ] 2 J ( r ' )( 2 )

5.3.2.3 (The Divergence and Curl of B)

[J( r ' ) ] 2 [J( r ' ) ' ] 2

For steady currents the divergence of J is zero ' J ( r ' ) 0

This contribution to the integral can be written

5.3.2.4 (The Divergence and Curl of B)

[ J ( r ' ) 2 ] J ( r ' )( 2 ) 4J ( r ' ) ( ) 4J ( r ' ) ( r r ' )

Ampres law in differential form

5.3.3.1 (Applications of Ampres Law)

Find the magnetic field of an infinite uniform surface current K Kx ,

5.3.3.2 (Applications of Ampres Law)

What is the direction of B?

Could it have a z-component ? no (symmetry)

5.3.3.3 (Applications of Ampres Law)

Where N is the number of turns in the length

5.3.3.4 (Applications of Ampres Law)

5.3.3.5 (Applications of Ampres Law)

5.3.3.5 (Applications of Ampres Law)

5.3.4. (Comparison of Magnetostatics

The divergence and curl of the magnetostatic field are

5.4.1.1. (Magnetic Vector Potential)