Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nasopharyngitis (rhinopharyngitis or
the common cold) = Inflammation of
the nares, pharynx, hypopharynx,
uvula, and tonsils
Occur year round, but mostly during
fall and winter. Epidemics is most
common during cold months, with a
peak incidence in late winter to early
spring.
Humidity may also affect the
prevalence of colds, because most viral
URI agents thrive in the low humidity
characteristic of winter months
Etiology of
rhinopharyngitis
Risk factors
Pathophysiology
SYMPTOMS
Nasal obstruction
Congestion of nasal breathing
Sneezing
Rhinorrhea : secretions often evolve from
clear to opaque white to green to yellow
within 2-3 days of symptom onset
Cough
Anorrhexia
Fever
5-10 days
Foul breath: This occurs as resident flora
process the products of the inflammatory
process.
Hyposmia: Also termed anosmia, it is
secondary to nasal inflammation.
Headache
LABORATORY
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION AND
TREATMENT
Bacterial pharyngitis
OTITIS MEDIA
Ear Infection
diagnose an ear
infection by
looking at the
outer ear and
the eardrum
with a device
called an
otoscope. A
healthy
eardrum (shown
here) appears
transparent and
pinkish-gray. An
infected
eardrum looks
red and swollen.
Ruptured Eardrum
When too much fluid
builds up in the middle
ear, it can put pressure
on the eardrum until it
ruptures (shown here).
Signs of a ruptured
eardrum include
yellow, brown, or white
fluid draining from the
ear. Pain may
disappear suddenly
because the pressure
of the fluid on the
eardrum is gone.
Although a ruptured
eardrum sounds
frightening, it usually
heals itself in a couple
of weeks.
Laboratory
COMPLCATIONS
CRONIC OTITIS
OTOMASTOIDITIS
DEAFNESS
CEREBRAL VENOUS TROMBOSIS
CEREBRAL ABCESS
MENINGITIS
DIARRHEEA, DEHIDRATION
SEIZURES
PREVENTION OF OTITIS
MEDIA
Encouraging breast-feeding
Feeding child upright if bottle fed
Avoiding exposure to passive smoke
Teaching adults and children careful
hand washing technique
Limiting exposure to viral upper
respiratory infections
Ensure immunizations are up-to-date;
including influenza and 7 valent
conjugated polysaccharide vaccine
(PCV7)
Treatment of otitis
media
Desinfection of nasopharynx
Analgesics (oral and topical pain
killing therapy)
Paracetamol, ibuprophene, NO aspirin
Children with low risk be treated with
a wait-and-see approach.
Low-dose amoxicillin (40 mg/kg/day)
may be used if low risk (greater than
two years, no day care, and no
antibiotics for the past three months)
amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium,
cefuroxime axetil,
cefpodoxime proxetil.
Trimethoprim sulfamethoxasone: Bactrim, biseptol 6-8
mg/kg in 2 daily doses
Clarithromycin 15-20 mg/kg
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate and sulfisoxazole acetyl: 3040mg/kg
Azithromycin
a single dose of ceftriaxone 50 mg/kg could be
equivalent to a 10-day course of oral antibiotics for
new cases of acute otitis media
ceftriaxone sodium: prescribe one dose for new onset otitis
media and a three-day course for a truly resistant pattern of
otitis media or if oral treatment cannot be given, 5 days