An

overview of
database systems
An overview of database management

 Introduction
 What is a Database System?

 What is a Database?

 Why Database?

 Data Independence

 Relational Database Systems

 Summary


introduction
 Database system - a computerized
record-keeping system.
 Database – a repository for a
collection of computerized data files.
 Data - groups of information that
represent the qualitative or
quantitative attributes of a variable
or set of variables.
Operations

The User of a database system can:



 Add new file to database

 Insert data into existing files

 Retrieve data from existing files

 Delete data from existing files

 Change data in existing files

 Remove existing files from the

database
Tables

 Data in the computerized files for a

database are usually stored in the
form of tables.
 Each row of the table represents a
RECORD
 Each column represents a FIELD of the
records.
 SQL(Structured Query Language) is
the standard language for working
with databases.
Records and fields
FIELD

RECORD
Database system
components
Database System Components

vData
vHardware
vSoftware
vUsers
Simplified picture of a database system
Database Management System
Hardware End Users

DATABASE

Application
Programs
Data
 Database System are available on machines
that range from all the way from personal
computers to the largest mainframe or
clusters of mainframes.


 In particular, tend to be multi-user; whereas

on small machine tend to be singer user.

 Single User system is a system in which
at most one user can access the
database at any given time.
 Multi user system is a system in which
many users can access the database
at the same time.
 The data in database – for large
system- will be both integrated and

 Integrated
 Means the database can be thought of
as a unification of several distinct
files, with any redundancy among
those files partly or wholly eliminated
 Shared
 Means the database can be shared
among different users, in the sense
that different users can have access
to the same data, possible even at
the same time (“Concurrent
access”).
 Hardware
The hardware components of the system


consist of


 The secondary storage volumes used to

hold the stored data, together with the
associated I/O devices, device
controllers, and so forth.

 The hardware processors and associated
main memory that are used to
supported the execution of the
database system software
 Software
 Database Management System
(DBMS)


DBMS is a general purpose software system



that facilitates the process of

 Definition,

 Construction,
 Manipulation
 Sharing of databases among various
users and applications.

Database Management System
 Data => physically stored
 All request for access to the database are
handle by the DBMS
 DBMS is thus shielding of database users
from hardware level details
 Provides users with a perception of the
database that is elevated somewhat above
the hardware level details.
 Support user operations


 User
 Application Programmer
 Responsible for writing database

application programs in some

programming language


 End User
 Access database interactively .User can

access the database via online

application program or user query
language


 Database Administrators
 Responsible for authorizing access to the
What is a Database?
What  is a Database? 
 Definition:
 Data base is a collection of data or information
organized for rapid search and retrieval, especially by
a computer.


 Explanation
 Databases are structured to facilitate storage,
retrieval, modification, and deletion of data .
 A database consists of a file or set of files that can
be broken down into records, each of which
consists of one or more fields.
 Users retrieve database information primarily
through queries.
Parts of a Database
 Table
 The purpose of the database is to store
information; the place where data is stored is
called a table.
 Queries
 Queries are quick, interactive ways to
retrieve information from the database 
 Forms
 Forms offer a way to access information in
database tables. Forms often display the
same fields as tables, but they display only
one record at a time.
 What is a Relational Database?

Definition:


 A collection of data items organized as a set of

tables
 Data can be accessed in many different ways
without having to reorganize the database tables

Properties of Relation in Relational  Databases:




 Each attribute has a distinct name.
Entity-Relationship Model
 Way of expressing (in diagrammatic form) a
database design. It shows kinds of data and
how they connect.
 Entities and Attributes
 Entities are objects
 Entity sets are collections of those objects
 Attributes are properties of entity sets

Entity Sets and Attributes

Na
m e Bill
Pa rt
y Senat
or
S ta t Na Text
e m e

Ye a r
s
Relationship Types
 Consider binary relationships (two entity groups
in a relationship)
 One-to-one
 Student and book


 One-to-many
 Editions and book


 Many-to-many
Teachers and students


Why database?
Why DATABASE?

 Database is preferred to traditional methods

of records keeping because it provides


 Compactness
 Speed
 Less drudgery
 Currency

Data administration & Database
administration

 Data Administration:
 A high-level function that is responsible for
the overall management of data resources in an
organization, including maintaining
corporate-wide definitions and standards


 Database Administration:
 A technical function that is responsible for
physical database design and for dealing with
technical issues such as security enforcement,
database performance, and backup and recovery

 Benefits of Database approach

 Control over Redundancy

In non-database system, the same information
may be held on several files.

 Consistency of Data
 Each item of data is held only once, so no
danger of item being updated on one system
and not on another.
Benefits of Database approach
 Data can be shared
 Existing application and new application can
operate against same stored data


 Standards can be enforced

 All applicable standards are observed an
representation of data

Benefits of Database approach
 Security of Data
 The DBMS can ensure only authorized users are
allowed to access data


 Integrity maintenance
 DBMS provides users with ability to specify
constraints on the data


 Conflicting requirements can be

balanced



Disadvantages of database
 Larger size
 More disk space is required and probably a
larger and powerful computer
 Greater Complexity
 For optimum use database must be very
carefully designed
 Greater impact of system failure
 “All eggs in one basket”
 More complex recovery procedure
 If system failure occurs it is vital that no data is
lost

Data independence
Data Independence

Data dependent System



 Data is organized in secondary storage

 Technique for accessing it is detected
by the requirements of the
application
 Data organization and that access
technique is built into  the
application logic and code



Data Independence
 It would be extremely undesirable to allow
applications to be data dependent for at least two
reasons.


§ Different applications will need different views of

same data.


§ The DBA must have the freedom to change the

storage structure or access technique in response
to changing requirements, without having to
modify existing applications.
Data Independence
Data Independence
§ The immunity of applications to change in storage
structure and access technique
§
§ It implies that the applications concerned do not
depend on any one particular storage structure
or access technique.
Data Independence
 So Database Administrator might wish to
make some changes to make it data
independent.


 Starting from three terms.

 Stored field

 Stored record
 Stored file
Data Independence
 Below is a list of aspects of the database storage
structure that might be subjected to variation.


 Representation of numeric data

 Representation of character data
 Unit of numeric data
 Data encoding



Data Independence
 Structure of stored records
 Structure of stored files


 The list implies that the database should be able

to grow without affecting existing applications.


 Data independence is not absolute. Different

systems provide it in different degrees, it is just that
some systems are less data independent than
others.
 Relational
database systems
Relational systems
 Database systems developed since the 1970’s
are based on the Relational Model.
 In relational model, data is perceived by the user
in the form of tables only.
 The operator’s at the user’s disposal manipulate
these tables.
 Commercially available database systems
include DB2, ORACLE, SYBASE etc.
summary
summary
 Database system is a computerized record
keeping system
 It involves DATA, HARDWARE, SOFTWARE
and the USERS.
 Users can be divided into application
programmers, end-users and the Database
Administrator.
 Databases are INTEGRATED and SHARED.
 Data represents ENTITIES together with
RELATIONSHIPS among those entities.
summary
 Database systems provide various
benefits
 Data Independence
 Compactness

 Security of Data

 Database Systems can be based on a
number of different approaches among
which , the RELATIONAL APPROACH
is considered the most important

Thank you!!
Questions??