Types of plant pathogens

Necrotrophic pathogen

Biotrophic pathogen

Hemibiotrophic

Plants cannot do many things

QuickTime and a
Animation decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime and a
Animation decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Plants have disposable body parts; we dont

QuickTime and a
Animation decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime and a
Animation decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Basic defenses of a plant

Living in the apoplast

Hypersensitive responses kill small parts of the leaf

res2.agr.gc.ca/ecorc/ corn-mais/images/fig-22.jpg

http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/PhotoLab/Stills/Tobacco/Tobacco.jpg

Hypersensitive response

QuickTime and a
Animation decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Systemicacquiredimmunity

Involvessalicylatebutthisisnot
thefactoractingthroughthe
plant

Vernooij, B. et al. 1994, Plant Cell 6: 959-965

TMV plaques in scion leaves

X/N

N/X

N/N

X/X
Vernooij, B. et al. 1994, Plant Cell 6: 959-965

Crunchersvssuckers

JAinductionbyinsectsand
necrotrophs

QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants, Buchanan et al. ed, 2000

Arginine and threonine depletion in the gut

ProcNatlAcadSciUSA.2005Dec27;102(52):1923742.

Pseudomonas syringae alters

the immune balance of the plant

The gene-for-gene resistance model

RRorRr

rr

Avr1

Nodisease

Disease

avr1

Disease

Disease

The gene-for-gene resistance model

RRorRr

rr

Avr1

Nodisease

Disease

avr1

Disease

Disease

Similarity between R genes and Toll

Staskawicz B.J. et al. Science, 2001 5525: 2285-9

Bacteria secrete proteins into the plant cell

Cytoplasm using a type III secretion system

Host cytoplasm

QuickTime and a
Animation decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Bacterial cell

Crunchersvssuckers

Mi1isanRgenegivingresistanceto
nematodeandaphidinfection

Wild type:
Aphid infested

Carrying Mi-1

Vos, P. et al. 1998 Nature Biotechnology 16: 1365-69

Fungimustbreakthroughthe
surfaceoftheleaf
http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/pp/faculty/hoch/images/black_r
QuickTime and a
Cinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
ot6.gif

QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Arabidopsis
powdery mildew
Erysiphe cichoracearum

Host infection
on Arabidopsis

Barley
powdery mildew (Bgh)
Blumeria graminis f.sp hordei

Nonhost infection
on Arabidopsis

Host infection
on Barley

From:MonicaStein,Somervillelab,Stanford

QuickTime and a
Animation decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Structure of the penetration peg

Erysiphe cichoracearum on Arabidopsis

Spore

Appressorium

Hypha
haustorium

Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei on Arabidopsis

A) germination and attempted

penetration
Nonhost:
90%

Host:
95%

Spore

B) penetration and haustorial

development
Host:
90%

hyphae

Nonhost:
2%

Host:
90%

cell death

D) Conidiation
Host:
90%

haustorium

Nonhost:
4%

C) Hyphal elongation

hyphae

conidia

Appressorium

Nonhost:
0%

Cytological Characterization

host

(Zimmerli,L; Stein,M; Lipka,V; Schulze-Lefert,P; Somerville,SC,

Plant Journal (2004))

Papillae

callose deposition in response

to pathogen attack was
dramatically different between
host and nonhost inoculation.
H

Nonhost haustoria were

rapidly encased in callose
From:MonicaStein,Somervillelab,Stanford

nonhost

Callose is deposited at infection sites

pen mutants
WT

pen1

From:MonicaStein,Somervillelab,Stanford

pen3 plants allow more hyphal growth

than other pen mutants
WT

pen3

From:MonicaStein,Somervillelab,Stanford

Phenotype Quantification
30

% of germinated spores

25

**
**

**

20

Wt

pen1
48M3

15

pen2
136N4

**

10

0
1

Penetration

Elongated Hyphae

From:MonicaStein,Somervillelab,Stanford

pen3
114N4
P<.0001
**P<.01
*

The story is complicated: Mutation of

the callose synthase increases
resistance to a fungal pathogen

Nishimura, M.T. et al. Science 2003 301: 969-72.