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cryogenics
Isentropic expansion
Joule-Thomson expansion
Free expansion gas exhaust
2'
S
S
dp 0
dS
dT
T p
p T
Differential effect of isentropic expansion s shows the
change in temperature with respect to the change of
pressure:
S
dT
s
dp
We get
dT
s
dp
v
T
cp
cp
cp
1 T
s
p
After integration
T2 p2
T 1 p1
Piston expander
2
1
p
6
1
G AZ
p 1, T 1, h
G AZ
p 2, T 2, h
Cryogenic turboexpander
G AZ
p 1, T 1, h
G AZ
p2
T2
h2
1
w
2
w
p
p
q1 2
1 2
w2 w12 g z 2 z1 h2 h1 l1 2
2
h
T
T
T
h'
K
dT
p
h
h
dp h
Ar
5 0 ,0
2 5 ,0
N e
1 0 ,0
5 ,0
H
2 ,5
p o w ie t r z e
N
1 ,0
H e
0 ,5
3
10
25
50
100
250
500
1000
T, K
Argon
765
-----
Azot
604
837
Hel 3
39
-----
Hel 4
46
34,3
Neon
230
-----
Powietrze
650
895
Metan
953
-----
Tlen
771
1090
204,6
223
Wodr
T 0,p
pf V
1.
2.
3.
4.
Adiabatic process
Non equilibrium process gas
pressure and external pressure are
not the same
Constant external pressure (pf=
const.)
External work against pressure pf
u f u0 p f (v f v0 )
where:
u0, uf initial and final gas internal energy
v0, vf initial and final gas volume
c v R / 1
We get:
1 p f
T f To
T0
1
p0
T0
k
T f 1 p f / p 0 k 1
Comparison of the
processes for air
Cryogenic gas
refrigerators
Heat exchangers
Recuperative
Regenerative
Comparison of coolers
Claude refrigerators
Stirling coolers
Stirling cooler
Stirling cooler
p
p
m ax
H2O
q H 2O
T0
1
3
p
T0
m in
T
R
T
q H2O
2
T0
V
V
T
q
T
lc le T0 T
v2
v2
dv
l c RTo
RTo ln
v
v1
v1
v1
dv
v1
le RT
RT ln
v
v2
v2
v2
q RT ln
v1
Work of
isothermal
compression
Work of
isothermal
expansion
Heat of
isothermal
expansion
Stirlin
g
cooler
used
for air
liquefa
ct-ion
McMahon refrigerator
Combination of McMahon
and J-T cooler, 250 mW at
2,5 K
T 0,p
pf V
Pulse tube
Adiabatic demagnetization
of paramagnetic
Paramagnetic salts
Magnetic coolers
Magnetic cooler
Ceramic magnetic
regenerator material
Gd2O2S with an
average diameter of
0.35 mm for G-M and
pulse tube
cryocoolers.
Cooler efficiency at 80 K
Family of cryocoolers