CT & CVT

Slide 1
2003 By Default!
BHEL make Instrument

Transformers
More than 35 years of Experience
A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com
Slide 2
2003 By Default!
BHEL make Instrument Transformers
High reliability is demanded from application

point of view, which is adequately exhibited
& proven by successful operation of BHEL
make Instrument Transformers
We are able to meet diverse demands of

various clients
Our Instrument Transformers conform to the

latest provisions of Indian as well as
International standards
Slide 3
2003 By Default!
Major Customers
BHEL make Instrument Transformers
are in successful operation at various

sub stations of
NTPC, PowerGrid, MSEB, UPPCL,
TNEB, BBMB, KEB, KPTCL, Neepco,
MPEB,WBSEB etc.
Slide 4
2003 By Default!
Instrument Transformers
Instrument Transformers are subdivided as:

Current Transformers, Outdoor type
Voltage Transformers ........VT
VTs are again of two types

Magnetic Voltage Transformers (MVT)
Capacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT)
Slide 5
2003 By Default!
Current Transformers
Highly reliable operation of current transformers is

successfully proved by:
Partial discharges within specified limits
High short time current withstand tested for 40 kA for 3 Seconds
Our 400 kV CTS are capable to withstand 50 kA for one
Second the fault level foreseen by 2012
Suitable to withstand abnormal stresses due to operation of
isolators, LAs, breakers
Thermal stability proved by tests
Low temperature coefficient of Tangent delta ensures high
stability of insulation even at elevated voltages
Slide 6
2003 By Default!
Reliability
BHEL make instrument transformers have
performed in EHV systems exceptionally well
Use of our instrument transformers ensures
long trouble free service, which means

availability of protection when needed
Slide 7
2003 By Default!
Manufacturing Process
All stages of Manufacturing Process are according to BHEL

procedures & Quality assurance system which is certified to
ISO9001
The main insulation & assembly are done in a clean

surrounding in order to avoid contamination.
Before filing with processed insulating transformer oil, the

transformers are dried under vacuum so as to reduce the
moisture content
Effective sealing is provided to enable negligible moisture level

during service.
Slide 8
2003 By Default!
General Description of Outdoor

Current Transformers
Outdoor CTs are basically of 3 types of
Construction
1 Dead Tank with U (Hair Pin) shaped
primary
2 Dead Tank with Eye Bolt primary
3 Live Tank or Inverted primary CT
Slide 9
2003 By Default!
Constructional Details of BHEL

make CTs
We at BHEL manufacture Hair pin
CTs
because of proven exceptionally high
reliability & suitable for earth quake prone
areas
These
CTs are Oil filled and hermetically

sealed with Nitrogen gas cushion
Slide 10
2003 By Default!
Constructional Details of BHEL

make CTs
The primary is linked with independent
secondary ring cores having windings

connected to terminal box on the tank side.
The whole assembly forms a common space
for oil and is sealed from the atmosphere,

the top chamber serving as an expansion
chamber.
Slide 11
2003 By Default!
Constructional Details of
BHEL make CTs
The space above the oil is filled with
nitrogen which acts as a cushion for

changes in oil volume due to
temperature and load current variations.
The positive pressure of nitrogen inside
prevents contamination from outside

atmosphere, thereby provide effective
hermetical sealing.
Slide 12
2003 By Default!
Application of Current
Transformers
Current Transformers are further
classified from application point into
Metering CTs
Protective CTs
Slide 13
2003 By Default!
Application of CTs
The duty of the Metering CTs requires
higher accuracy over the normal

operating current range
The duty of the Protective CTs requires
specified accuracy for correct

reproduction during the passage of the
abnormal current through primary due to
system fault conditions.
Slide 14
2003 By Default!
Multi ratio CT & selection of ratios

(e.g. 150 200 300 / 1)
A CT can be of multiple ratios.
The desired ratio can be achieved in 3 ways

Primary reconnection
Secondary tap selection
Combination of Primary & Secondary both
Slide 15
2003 By Default!
Disadvantages of Primary
reconnections
Short circuit forces increases at higher primary

turns
Useful only when ratios are in geometric

proportions (e.g. 150 -300 -600 / 1)
Reconnection is possible only after shutdown &

opening of line connections
In case of multi core CTs, independent selection of

ratio is not possible
Slide 16
2003 By Default!
Advantages of Primary Reconnections

Fixed secondary output
Higher Amp. Turns even at lower ratio

leading to better accuracy & reduced core
size
Simple secondary winding
Slide 17
2003 By Default!
Some special features of

Proper drying of the paper insulation used in
Instrument Transformers is an essential

prerequisite for its long and trouble free
service
We ensure that the paper insulation used is
in a state of perfect dryness by continuous

monitoring of the process
Slide 18
2003 By Default!
Technical features of BHEL make

400 kV C Ts
Hair pin design having porcelain with
metallic flanges which is extremely robust

and stable.
Well adapted against Seismic forces

High reliability proved in service
Slide 19
2003 By Default!

400 kV C Ts
Positive pressure of Nitrogen is provided over oil for

hermetical sealing, which controls contamination of
oil. Thus CT is practically maintenance free
High conductivity copper tube is used as primary

winding ensuring better thermal and mechanical
performance, during fault conditions
Total independent selection of ratios through taps

on secondary windings provides operational
simplicity with individualistic ratio selection on any
secondary core
Slide 20
2003 By Default!

400 kV C Ts
Metering core is
carefully designed to
provide safety to the connected
instruments from too large a value of
over current during fault conditions.
With the nearby High power short circuit
CPRI test station, all other Testing

facilities for complete routine and type
tests for high voltage are available
Slide 21
2003 By Default!

400 kV C Ts
CTs have been demonstrated to be
exceptionally robust to withstand high

frequency FAST transient currents as
prescribed by CIGRE.
Such transients are now known to have led
to catastrophic failures of CTs worldwide.
The appearance of such transients is
explained under Unusual Stresses
Slide 22
2003 By Default!
General Design Aspects CTs

Five main factors
Rated Primary Current

Rated Short time Current
Insulation Level
Pollution requirement
Burden & Accuracy on different secondary cores
Slide 23
2003 By Default!
General Design Aspects - CTs

Rated Primary Current
The design is made according to the standards

for permitted temperature rise over the
specified ambient for the continuous Rated
Primary Current. The extended current rating
if specified is to be taken care of.
The extended current rating may be from 120%
to 200%.
The extended current means that accuracy is
maintained up to that level and CT can
continuously carry the thermal current equal
to the rated extended current
Slide 24
2003 By Default!
General
Aspects- CTs
- CTs
GeneralDesign
Design Aspects
Rated Short time Current
This is the maximum thermal current Ith which
must be withstood by CT for a period of one
second. The maximum temperature permitted
for oil insulated CTs is 250 Deg.C.
It is essential that CT can safely withstand the
fault current flowing through it. In the
eventuality of CT failure the entire associated
equipment is left unprotected as no signal will
be available to relay for decision making.
The dynamic withstand is calculated by the first
current peak which can reach 2.5 times the Ith
Slide 25
2003 By Default!
Short Time Current (Ith)

If short time withstand current is
not
specified, it can be estimated by

converting the Fault level in MVA to short
time current using the rated voltage, or,
the breaking capacity of the associated
breaker may be used
For 400 kV CTs the Short time rated
current is given as 40 kA for one Second
Slide 26
2003 By Default!
Short Time Current (Ith)
The peak value of the dynamic current gives

rise to the electromagnetic forces between the
primary winding turns or arms of the hairpin.
The force is proportional to the square of this

dynamic peak current
It is essential that CT should withstand both the

thermal effects of short time current as well as
the forces due to the dynamic current
Slide 27
2003 By Default!
Insulation Level
The CTs or the Instrument Transformers must

withstand the continuous operational voltage
and also the over-voltages of the network.
These include:
AC one minute test voltage
Lightning Impulse withstand voltage
Switching Impulse withstand voltage as
defined for 300 kV and above system
voltages
Highest System voltage Um
Slide 28
2003 By Default!
Primary Winding
P1
The primary winding insulation is

designed on the basis of equal
capacitance and uniform Axial
stresses principle.
The insulation of 330 and 400 kV

CTs is formed from 16 equal
capacitive grading steps formed
from the insertion of Aluminium foils
between High quality Kraft paper
P2
CO RE 1
CO RE 5
CO RE 2
CO RE 3
CO RE 4
Slide 29
2003 By Default!
Pollution Condition
The total creepage is specified according
to IEC: 44 for the pollution condition as

Light, Medium, Heavy and Very heavy
where the minimum creepage distance of the

porcelain weather casing is 16, 20, 25 & 31
mm/kV respectively.
Slide 30
2003 By Default!
Burden and Accuracy

The primary of CT is connected in series
with the transmission line & thus the

primary current is not affected by the
burden of CT secondary cores
Neglecting exciting current of CT core,
from the principle of equal Ampere-Turns,

the primary and secondary Currents of CT
are related by:
Is
Np Ip
Ns
Slide 31
Burden and Accuracy
2003 By Default!
The errors in the CT are introduced by
the exciting current as shown in the

equivalent circuit & its simplified
version:
ie
ip
iwl
iw
ip
Is
ie
BURDEN
Is
BURDEN
Slide 32
2003 By Default!
Burden and Accuracy

The error in the CT is introduced by the
exciting current Ie as can be seen by the

relation:
Ip = Ie + Is , or
Is = I p - I e
Slide 33
2003 By Default!
Errors
The exciting current Ie introduces errors in

ratio and phase, which are defined by
standards as:
Current ( Ratio) Error
K n .I s I p
Ip
100
Phase displacement:
This is the phase angle difference between
primary & Secondary Current Vectors & is
positive when Secondary current leads
primary current
Slide 34
2003 By Default!
Magnetising Characteristic Curve of CRGO M4 Grade

20
15
10
0.2
0.4
Exciting Current in Amp/cm

0.6
Slide 35
2003 By Default!
Magnetising Characteristic Curve of CRGO M4 Grade

20
15
10
Exciting Current in Amp/cm
Slide 36
2003 By Default!
Burden and Accuracy

For keeping the exciting current low
Flux density in the CT core is kept low,

The CT core diameter must be reduced
The AMP TURNS are made as high as possible.
Slide 37
Accuracy
2003 By Default!
The CT error is inversely proportional to the

square of Ampere Turns
To get high accuracy with low value of

instrument security factor the core material is
made of Nickel Iron alloy
Metering cores : To protect the meters and

instruments from the damaging effects of high
fault currents the core must be designed to
saturate at say 5 to 10 times rated current
FS, Instrument Security Factor in general

indicates the over current expressed as a
multiple of the rated current. This is
applicable only at the rated burden.
Slide 38
2003 By Default!
Burden and Accuracy
The accuracy class is maintained from 25%

to hundred per cent of the rated burden.
Therefore if high VA burden is specified the

errors will increase at lower burdens due to
the invariable use of the TURNS correction.
Since the minimum error is generally reached

between 50 - 75% of rated burden, the core
can be optimised by setting the rated burden
at about 1.5 times the real burden.
Slide 39
2003 By Default!
Unusual Stresses in EHV CTs
The understanding of high frequency

stresses in UHV systems and other
considerations such as thermal stability etc.
makes it possible to critically review designs
and produce most reliable Instrument
Transformers
The high frequency stresses in EHV CTs can

be represented on a zone of
amplitudefrequency plane. For example in

400 kV CTs the amplitude is up to 1000 kV &
frequency from 100 kHz to 5-20 MHz
Slide 40
2003 By Default!
Unusual Stresses(Contd)
The traditional tests therefore did not cover

the stresses produced by disconnector,
breaker or LA operation in a station for a 400
kV system.
The operation of the Isolator is the most

dangerous for the 400 kV CTs. Numerous
arcing discharges take place whenever it is
opened or closed to put the voltage on the
bus bar or to take away the energisation from
the bus-bar.
Slide 41
2003 By Default!
Let us
consider the closing of the

disconnector.
When the gap between the poles starts to
reduce during closing operation the first

discharge will take place between poles at
voltage maximum.
Slide 42
2003 By Default!
Because of sudden change of the voltage from

zero (Ignoring the charge in the busbar due to
the capacitive coupling) to the crest of the
system voltage, the high frequency current will
flow.
This wave then spreads on the bus bar and

successive reflections of these waves leads to
high frequency oscillations. There are many
resonant frequencies due to the presence of
different inductances and capacitances.
Slide 43
2003 By Default!
The capacitance of the Instrument

transformer and Power transformer mainly
supports this current. The discharge ceases
within a few microseconds
The jaws of the disconnector after some

milliseconds again shall have the disruptive
discharge but at a lesser voltage. This rate of
spark over increases as the poles get nearer.
When the disconnector arms are nearer in a

400 kV network, as many as 40 restrikes can
take place across its slowly moving poles.
Slide 44
2003 By Default!
Due care in design is exercised to avoid
formation of large voltage drop patches at

high frequencies where there were none at
Power frequency of 50 Hz.
This avoids failure of CT insulation due to the
operation of Disconnectors, LAs and

Breakers
Slide 45
2003 By Default!
DO's for CTs
Check for any transit damage
Check the nitrogen pressure on the top chamber

before commissioning
Check oil level in CT
Attend leakages on bushings immediately
Examine the porcelain for dirt deposits & clean

periodically
Slide 46
2003 By Default!
DO's for CTs(Contd)

Ensure that the terminals of unloaded
secondary are shorted

Earth the power factor terminal by earthing
post
Check that tank is earthed positively and
permanently.
Use the lifting lugs provided on the bottom
tank for lifting the CT by slings
Slide 47
2003 By Default!
DON'Ts for CTs

Do not mix oil unless it conforms to IS 335
Do not commission the CT, if the oil is not
seen in oil gauge

Do not allow dirt and deposits on bushings.
Clean periodically
Do not leave terminals of unloaded
secondary open
Do not lift the CT by primary terminals or by
porcelain housing
Slide 48
2003 By Default!
Some special features of

In order to ensure leak proof gasket joints,
Instrument Transformers of BHEL make are

subjected to oil pressure test of 0.7 kg. per
sq. cm (10 psi)
Any leak detected is rectified and further
application of pressure is continued.
Slide 49
2003 By Default!
Capacitor Voltage
Transformers
Slide 50
2003 By Default!
Evolution of CVT Concept

Capacitor Divider
Capacitor
Divider with Transformer
Capacitor Divider with Tuning Reactor and
Transformer
CAPACITOR DIVIDER
C1
C1
IL
IL
V1
C2
V2
V in
C2
V2
CAPACITOR DIVIDER WITH

TRANSFORMER
C 1
X L= X C 1 + C 2
C 1
V1
C 2
C 2
V in
V2
n :1
V in
CAPACITOR DIVIDER WITH

TUNING REACTOR AND
TRANSFORMER
C1
C1
IL
n
IL
V1
C2
X L= X C 1 + C 2
Vin
V2
n :1
Vin
C2
C1
Schematic Diagram of CVT

MVR
X1
X2
1
3 4
5 6
7 8
11
10
1a
1a'
1n
C2
IVT
Link 2
12
21
22
31
32
41
42
51
52
2a
2a'
2n
Link 2
3a
DAMPING DEVICE
61
62
LINK 3
3n
Link 2
LINK 1
Slide 55
2003 By Default!
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
The Capacitor Voltage Transformers

(CVTs) are used for supplying voltage
signal to the measuring instruments and
protective relays
Simultaneously the CVTs are used as

coupling capacitors for Power Line Carrier
Communication (PLCC).
The CVT consists of the Capacitor Voltage

Divider(CVD) and Electromagnetic (EM)
unit.
Slide 56
2003 By Default!
Design features of BHEL make

CVTs
Stepless Design
Hermetically Sealed Unit
Simple and Reliable Circuit and .
Slide 57
2003 By Default!
Design features of BHEL make

CVTs
PLCC Performance
High frequency capacitance within 80% to
150% of the rated value & HF resistance
40 Ohms at carrier frequencies.
Stray capacitance / Stray conductance of
LV(HF) terminal of Capacitor divider of
CVT less than 300+0.05*Cn pF and 50
micro Siemens respectively from 30 to
500 kHz
Slide 58
2003 By Default!
Design features of BHEL make CVTs
Ferro-resonance Stability
The CVT must be stable against Ferro-resonant
oscillations. This is assured by careful matching of
high impedance damping device with the CVT
parameters. The design provides stability in all
respects such as ,
Sudden energizing of the CVT when connecting
in the UHV line or the bus
Single or three pole high speed auto reclosing
Removal of secondary short circuit, and
Sudden changes of primary Voltage
Slide 59
2003 By Default!
Ferro-resonance Stability
The CVT must not enter into ferroresonance in
Shunt Reactors presence that compensate the
line capacitance partially.
Slide 60
2003 By Default!

Elimination of spark gap
The CVT is designed so that spark gap

or over voltage protection device across
intermediate capacitor is not needed
The improved damping and spark gap
elimination ensure excellent reliability of
CVT during operation
Slide 61
2003 By Default!

Transient Response
Meticulous design care, in particular

the high impedance ferro-resonance
damping device presenting minimum
burden has ensured better transient
response for CVTs as compared to
IS: 3156/IEC 186 stipulations
Slide 62
2003 By Default!

Capacitor Voltage Divider
Temperature compensated capacitor
dielectric system, results in low temperature
coefficient of capacitance.
Shift in accuracy, due to steady as well as the
sudden temperature changes is minimum,
which leads to stable CVT accuracy.
Slide 63
2003 By Default!
Precommissioning Checks- CVTs

Check ratio of the CVT at low voltage of about
230 to 2000 volts to confirm soundness. The
CVT ratio will tally with the marked value.
Zero secondary voltage indicates one of the
possibilities of: Secondary shorting , or,
discontinuity in winding inside the transformer,
or, Broken connection inside the capacitor.
Higher voltage on secondary indicates partial

breakdown on the high voltage capacitor
Lower secondary voltage is due to partial

failure in the intermediate capacitor zone
Slide 64
2003 By Default!
DO's for CVTs
Check for any transit damage.

Check the Nitrogen pressure and CVT ratio at low
voltage before commissioning.
Check oil level in EM Unit.
Attend leakages on CVT immediately
Examine the capacitor porcelain for dirt deposits
and clean periodically on deenergised and safely
earthed CVT.
Check that the tank is earthed at two points and
links 1,2 & 3 are kept in position.
Check that the primary and secondary terminal box
covers are in position and sealed properly.
Slide 65
DON'Ts for CVTs
2003 By Default!
Do not connect Auxiliary VT/or inductive burden

in CVT secondary which saturates before three
times the rated voltage
Do not short the CVT secondary terminals or

primary tapping coils
Do not connect CVT secondary in closed delta
Open delta connections should not be earthed at

more than one point.
Do not roll, dont keep upside down, and dont

leave the capacitor housings in horizontal
position which is generally observed at site
Slide 66
2003 By Default!
DON'Ts for CVTs

Do not leave primary/secondary
terminal box cover open

Do not energize CVT from secondary
side
Do not energize CVT, if earth links 1, 2
and 3 are not in proper position
Slide 67
2003 By Default!
We from BHEL wish to thank

you, for giving a patient hearing

CT &amp; CVT

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Slide 1

BHEL make Instrument

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

BHEL make Instrument Transformers

High reliability is demanded from application

We are able to meet diverse demands of

Our Instrument Transformers conform to the

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

are in successful operation at various

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

Instrument Transformers are subdivided as:

VTs are again of two types

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

Highly reliable operation of current transformers is

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

performed in EHV systems exceptionally well

Use of our instrument transformers ensures

long trouble free service, which means

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

All stages of Manufacturing Process are according to BHEL

The main insulation & assembly are done in a clean

Before filing with processed insulating transformer oil, the

Effective sealing is provided to enable negligible moisture level

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

General Description of Outdoor

Constructional Details of BHEL

CTs are Oil filled and hermetically

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

Constructional Details of BHEL

secondary ring cores having windings

The whole assembly forms a common space

for oil and is sealed from the atmosphere,

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

nitrogen which acts as a cushion for

The positive pressure of nitrogen inside

prevents contamination from outside

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

classified from application point into

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

higher accuracy over the normal

The duty of the Protective CTs requires

specified accuracy for correct

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

Multi ratio CT & selection of ratios

A CT can be of multiple ratios.

The desired ratio can be achieved in 3 ways

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

Short circuit forces increases at higher primary

Useful only when ratios are in geometric

Reconnection is possible only after shutdown &

In case of multi core CTs, independent selection of

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

Advantages of Primary Reconnections

Higher Amp. Turns even at lower ratio

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

Some special features of

Instrument Transformers is an essential

We ensure that the paper insulation used is

in a state of perfect dryness by continuous

A Free sample background from www.powerpointbackgrounds.com

Technical features of BHEL make

metallic flanges which is extremely robust

Well adapted against Seismic forces

CT & CVT

CT & CVT