Transformations of Stress

 The most general state of stress at a point may

be represented by 6 components,
x , y , z

normal stresses

xy , yz , zx shearing stresses
(Note : xy yx , yz zy , zx xz )

Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.
The first part of the chapter is concerned with
how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.
2

 Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of

the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
x , y , xy and z zx zy 0.

State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.

Transformation of Plane Stress

Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x axes.
Fx 0 xA x A cos cos xy A cos sin
y A sin sin xy A sin cos

Fy 0 xyA x A cos sin xy A cos cos

y A sin cos xy A sin sin

The equations may be rewritten to yield

x
y

x y
2
x y

xy

2
x y
2

x y
2
x y
2

cos 2 xy sin 2
cos 2 xy sin 2

sin 2 xy cos 2

 Fx 0 xA x A cos cos xy A cos sin

y A sin sin xy A sin cos

Fy 0 xy A x A cos sin xy A cos cos

y A sin cos xy A sin sin

 Fx 0 xA x A cos cos xy A cos sin

y A sin sin xy A sin cos

Fy 0 xy A x A cos sin xy A cos cos

y A sin cos xy A sin sin
2
F

cos
xy cos sin
x
x
x

y sin 2 xy sin cos

cos

sin

cos

y
xy
x
xy

y sin cos xy sin 2

1 cos 2
cos
and sin 2 2sin cos
2
1 cos 2
2
sin
2
2

sin 2
sin 2
1 cos 2
1 cos 2
0 x x
y
xy
xy
2
2
2
2

x y x y

cos 2 xy sin 2
0 x
2
2

x y x y

cos 2 xy sin 2
x
2
2

sin 2
0 xy x y
xy cos 2
2
sin 2
xy x y
xy cos 2
2
7


x y x y

cos 2 xy sin 2
x
2
2

x y

sin 2 xy cos 2
xy
2

2
2

x y

x y

cos 2 xy sin 2
x
2
2

2
2

x
x
x y
2
y
y
2
2

cos 2 xy sin 2
xy cos 2 sin 2
x
2
2
2

2
x y

2
sin 2 xy cos 2
xy
2

2
x y

x y
2
2
2
2
sin 2 xy cos 2
xy sin 2 cos 2
xy
2
2

x y
x y
x y
2
2
2

cos 2 xy sin 2
xy cos 2 sin 2
x
2
2
2

x y
x y
2
2
2
2
sin 2 xy cos 2
xy sin 2 cos 2
xy
2
2

x y
2 x y
2
2
2
2
2

cos
2

sin
2

cos
2

sin
2
x

xy
xy

2
2

x y
2 x y
xy
xy 2
2
2

x ave 2 x2y R 2
where

ave

x y
2

x y

R
2

2
xy

Principal Stresses
The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,

x ave 2 x2y R 2
where

ave

x y

x y

R
2

2
xy

Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
max,min
tan 2 p

x y
2

x y

2
xy

2 xy

x y

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

10

Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for
x y

max R
2

tan 2 s

x ave

2
xy

x y
2 xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from p by 45o

ave

x y
2

11

Example 1
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
tan 2 p

2 xy

x y

Determine the principal stresses from

max,min

For the state of plane

stress shown, determine
(a) the principal planes,
(b) the principal stresses,
(c) the maximum shearing
stress
and
the
corresponding
normal
stress.

x y
2

x y

2
xy

Calculate the maximum shearing stress with

x y

max
2

2
xy

x y

2
12

Example 1
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
tan 2 p

2 xy

x y

2 40
1.333
50 10

2 p 53.1, 233.1

x 50 MPa
x 10 MPa

xy 40 MPa

p 26.6, 116 .6

Determine the principal stresses from

max,min

x y
2

20

x y

2
xy

30 2 40 2

max 70 MPa
min 30 MPa
13

Example 1
Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
x y

max
2

2
xy

30 2 40 2

max 50 MPa
x 50 MPa
x 10 MPa

xy 40 MPa

s p 45
s 18.4, 71.6

The corresponding normal stress is

ave

x y
2

50 10
2

20 MPa
14

Sample Problem 2
SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
Evaluate the normal and shearing
stresses at H.
Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.

15

Sample Problem 2
SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P 150 lb
T 150 lb 18 in 2.7 kip in
M x 150 lb 10 in 1.5 kip in

Evaluate the normal and shearing

stresses at H.
y

1.5 kip in 0.6 in

Mc

1 0.6 in 4
I
4

xy

2.7 kip in 0.6 in

Tc

1 0.6 in 4
J
2

x 0 y 8.84 ksi y 7.96 ksi

16

Sample Problem 2
Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
tan 2 p

2 xy

x y

2 7.96
1.8
0 8.84

2 p 61.0,119

p 30.5, 59.5
max,min

x y
2

x y

0 8.84
0 8.84

2
2

2
xy

7.96 2

max 13.52 ksi

min 4.68 ksi
17

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

With the physical significance of Mohrs
circle for plane stress established, it may be
applied with simple geometric considerations.
Critical values are estimated graphically or
calculated.
For a known state of plane stress x , y , xy
plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
ave

x y
2

x y

R
2

2
xy

The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

max,min ave R
tan 2 p

2 xy

x y

The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is

the same as CX to CA.
18

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

With Mohrs circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.
For the state of stress at an angle with
respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter XY at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.
Normal and shear stresses are obtained
from the coordinates XY.

19

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Mohrs circle for centric axial loading:

P
, y xy 0
A

x y xy

P
2A

Mohrs circle for torsional loading:

x y 0 xy

Tc
J

x y

Tc
xy 0
J

20

Example 3

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohrs circle, determine
(b) the principal planes, (c) the
principal stresses, (d) the maximum
shearing stress and the corresponding
normal stress.

SOLUTION:
Construction of Mohrs circle
ave

x y

50 10 20 MPa

2
2
CF 50 20 30 MPa FX 40 MPa
R CX

30 2 40 2 50 MPa

21

Example 3
Principal planes and stresses
max OA OC CA 20 50
max 70 MPa
max OB OC BC 20 50
max 30 MPa
FX 40

CP 30
2 p 53.1

tan 2 p

p 26.6

22

Example 3

Maximum shear stress

s p 45

max R

ave

s 71.6

max 50 MPa

20 MPa
23

Sample Problem 4

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise Construct Mohrs circle
through 30 degrees.
x y 100 60
ave
R

80 MPa

CF 2 FX 2 20 2 48 2 52 MPa
24

Sample Problem 4

Principal planes and stresses

XF 48

2.4
CF 20
2 p 67.4

tan 2 p

p 33.7 clockwise

max OA OC CA
80 52

max OA OC BC
80 52

max 132 MPa

min 28 MPa
25

Sample Problem 4

Stress components after rotation by 30o

Points X and Y on Mohrs circle that
correspond to stress components on the
rotated element are obtained by
2 60
rotating XY counterclockwise through

180 60 67.4 52.6

x OK OC KC 80 52 cos 52.6
y OL OC CL 80 52 cos 52.6
xy KX 52 sin 52.6
x 48.4 MPa
y 111 .6 MPa
xy 41.3 MPa

26

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