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normal stresses
xy , yz , zx shearing stresses
(Note : xy yx , yz zy , zx xz )
x
y
x y
2
x y
xy
2
x y
2
x y
2
x y
2
cos 2 xy sin 2
cos 2 xy sin 2
sin 2 xy cos 2
cos
xy cos sin
x
x
x
cos
sin
cos
y
xy
x
xy
1 cos 2
cos
and sin 2 2sin cos
2
1 cos 2
2
sin
2
2
sin 2
sin 2
1 cos 2
1 cos 2
0 x x
y
xy
xy
2
2
2
2
x y x y
cos 2 xy sin 2
0 x
2
2
x y x y
cos 2 xy sin 2
x
2
2
sin 2
0 xy x y
xy cos 2
2
sin 2
xy x y
xy cos 2
2
7
x y x y
cos 2 xy sin 2
x
2
2
x y
sin 2 xy cos 2
xy
2
2
2
x y
x y
cos 2 xy sin 2
x
2
2
2
2
x
x
x y
2
y
y
2
2
cos 2 xy sin 2
xy cos 2 sin 2
x
2
2
2
2
x y
2
sin 2 xy cos 2
xy
2
2
x y
x y
2
2
2
2
sin 2 xy cos 2
xy sin 2 cos 2
xy
2
2
x y
x y
x y
2
2
2
cos 2 xy sin 2
xy cos 2 sin 2
x
2
2
2
x y
x y
2
2
2
2
sin 2 xy cos 2
xy sin 2 cos 2
xy
2
2
x y
2 x y
2
2
2
2
2
cos
2
sin
2
cos
2
sin
2
x
xy
xy
2
2
x y
2 x y
xy
xy 2
2
2
x ave 2 x2y R 2
where
ave
x y
2
x y
R
2
2
xy
Principal Stresses
The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,
x ave 2 x2y R 2
where
ave
x y
x y
R
2
2
xy
x y
2
x y
2
xy
2 xy
x y
10
max R
2
tan 2 s
x ave
2
xy
x y
2 xy
ave
x y
2
11
Example 1
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
tan 2 p
2 xy
x y
x y
2
x y
2
xy
max
2
2
xy
x y
2
12
Example 1
SOLUTION:
Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
tan 2 p
2 xy
x y
2 40
1.333
50 10
2 p 53.1, 233.1
x 50 MPa
x 10 MPa
xy 40 MPa
p 26.6, 116 .6
x y
2
20
x y
2
xy
30 2 40 2
max 70 MPa
min 30 MPa
13
Example 1
Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
x y
max
2
2
xy
30 2 40 2
max 50 MPa
x 50 MPa
x 10 MPa
xy 40 MPa
s p 45
s 18.4, 71.6
x y
2
50 10
2
20 MPa
14
Sample Problem 2
SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
Evaluate the normal and shearing
stresses at H.
Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
15
Sample Problem 2
SOLUTION:
Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P 150 lb
T 150 lb 18 in 2.7 kip in
M x 150 lb 10 in 1.5 kip in
1 0.6 in 4
I
4
xy
1 0.6 in 4
J
2
Sample Problem 2
Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
tan 2 p
2 xy
x y
2 7.96
1.8
0 8.84
2 p 61.0,119
p 30.5, 59.5
max,min
x y
2
x y
0 8.84
0 8.84
2
2
2
xy
7.96 2
x y
2
x y
R
2
2
xy
2 xy
x y
19
P
, y xy 0
A
x y xy
P
2A
x y 0 xy
Tc
J
x y
Tc
xy 0
J
20
Example 3
SOLUTION:
Construction of Mohrs circle
ave
x y
50 10 20 MPa
2
2
CF 50 20 30 MPa FX 40 MPa
R CX
30 2 40 2 50 MPa
21
Example 3
Principal planes and stresses
max OA OC CA 20 50
max 70 MPa
max OB OC BC 20 50
max 30 MPa
FX 40
CP 30
2 p 53.1
tan 2 p
p 26.6
22
Example 3
max R
ave
s 71.6
max 50 MPa
20 MPa
23
Sample Problem 4
80 MPa
CF 2 FX 2 20 2 48 2 52 MPa
24
Sample Problem 4
2.4
CF 20
2 p 67.4
tan 2 p
p 33.7 clockwise
max OA OC CA
80 52
max OA OC BC
80 52
min 28 MPa
25
Sample Problem 4
26
27