e-Government

By:
Krishna Prasad Acharya

Contents

Evolution of Computing
Evolution of Computers
Evolution of Internet
Introduction of Computers in Nepal
e-Government
What is e-Government?
Benefits of e-Government
Successful e-Government practices in other countries
(USA, South Korea, India)
Goals of e-Government
Building blocks of e-Government
UN's global e-Government survey

e-Government Survey 2005

e-Government Survey 2010

Contents contd.

Types of service provided through e-Government

Government to Citizen (G2C) (Singapore Case

Study)

Government to Business (GB) (China Case

Study)

Government to Government (G2G) (USA Case

Study)

Government to Employee (G2E) (Case Study)

Alternate means of realizing e-Government besides
Internet

SMS ( Philippines Case Study)

Radio ( Sri Lanka Case Study)

Contents contd.

Five Stages of e-Government

Prerequisite legal infrastructure for eGovernment
Development of e-Government in Nepal

Institutional Infrastructure
Legal Infrastructure
Data/information infrastructure
Human Infrastructure
Technical Infrastructure

Contents contd.
Three Year Interim Plan (2064/65 -2066/67)
Nepal's e-Government Mater Plan 2006

e-Government Vision and Mission

Nepal's e-Government Status
Identified priority e-Government projects
Key factors for successful e-Government

ADB funded e-Government projects

Challenges of e-Government
Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)
Conclusion
References

Evolution of Computing

Evolution of computers

5000 years ago, the Chinese developed abacus

1939, world's first electronic digital computer
1947, greatest invention of our time: the transistor
1958, invention of Integrated Circuit (IC)
1968, the design of first Microprocessor
1973, invention of Ethernet and TCP/IP
1976, Apples first Personal Computer (PC)
1977, invention of PC modem
1981, IBMs first Personal Computer
1982, the first notebook Personal Computer
1991, the World Wide Web (WWW)

Evolution of Computing
contd.

Evolution of Internet

1969 ARPANET established

1971, the first email across a network
1980s -90s, ARPANET used extensively
among US universities and Academia
1991, the World Wide Web (www)
1995, dot-com boom starts
2000, dot-com bubble starts to brust

Introduction of Computers
in Nepal

1971
Introduction of computer in the country for census
(IBM1401)
1974
Establishment of the Electronic Data Processing Centre.
Now merged with the National Computer Centre, for promoting
computer usage and computer literacy.
1982
First Private Overseas Investment in software development
by establishing
company for export, Data Systems International (p)
Ltd.
1985
Distribution of Personal Computers in Nepal
1990
Liberalization on imports of equipment
1992
Establishment of Computer Association of Nepal
1996
Establishment of the Ministry of Science & Technology
2000
Announcement of the first IT policy, IT Policy 2057
2002
Establishment of the National Information Technology
Center
2003
Establishment of the High Level Commission for
Information Technology
2006
Enactment of the Electronics Transaction Act 2063
2010
IT Policy 2067

e-Government

What is e-Government?

E-government is the use of information and

communications technologies (ICT) to transform
the traditional government by making it
accessible, transparent, effective and
accountable.
E-government is defined as utilizing the Internet
and the world-wide-web for delivering
government information and services to
citizens.
United Nations (UN): www.un.org

e-Government contd.

Electronic government (hereafter egovernment) refers to a situation in which

administrative, legislative and judicial
agencies (including both central and local
governments) digitize their internal and
external operations and utilize networked
systems efficiently to realize better
quality in the provision of public services.
Global Business Dialogue on Electronic
Commerce (GBDe) (www.dbde.org)

e-Government contd.

E-government refers to the use of information

technologies by government agencies (such as Wide
Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing)
that have the ability to transform relations with
citizens, businesses, and other arms of government.
These technologies can serve a variety of different
ends: better delivery of government services to
citizens, improved interactions with businesses and
industries, citizen empowerment through access of
information, or more efficient government
management. The resulting benefits can be less
corruption, increased transparency, greater
convenience, revenue growth, and/or cost reductions.
World Bank (www.worldbank.org)

e-Government contd.

Benefits of e-Government

Better customer service

More convenience
More information access
Increased efficiency
Increased esteem
Cost saving
Time saving
Transparent

e-Government contd.
Successful e-Government practices
in other countries (USA, South
Korea, India)
USA Case Study

Government Paperwork Elimination Act 1998

The e-Government Act 2002
24+1 e-Government initiatives
(GovBenefits.gov, Recreation One-Stop, ELoans, Geospatial One-Stop, Disaster
Management, e-Training, e-Payroll etc)

e-Government contd.

Korea Case Study

Act on Informatization Promotion 1995
Electronic Singnature Act 1999
Software Industry Promotion Act 2000
E-Government Act 2001
Act on Digital Divide Reduction 2001
Mid 80s Mid 90s, national basic information (resident
registration, real state, vehicles etc) was put in database
Mid 90s Late 90s, many government services (realstate, patent registration) have been put online
Since 2000, more civil service brought online
Jan. 2001, Special Committee for e-Government
established under the President
In 2002, 31 different projects launched

e-Government contd.

India Case Study

Established Ministry of Communication and

Information Technology as an apex body in 1999
Information Technology Act 2000 which provides
legal recognition of electronic transactions
(electronic records and digital signatures)
Set up Center for e-Governance (CEG) to
showcase best practices in e-Governance to
decision makers in central and state
governments
National e-Governance Action Plan (2003-2007)

e-Government contd.

India Case Study contd.

Various e-Government projects: income tax,

insurance, pension, banking, land records, road
transport, agriculture, property registration etc.
e-Seva very successful project of Andhra
Pradesh

66 services (bill/tax payment, issue of certificate etc.)

Electronic queue system
46 e-Seva centers with 400 service counters in two
cities (open 8am 8pm)
Payments by cash/check/credit cards/Internet

e-Government contd.
Goals of e-Government

Creating a better business

environment
Customers online, not in line
Strengthening good governance and
broadening public participation
Improving the productivity and
efficiency of government agencies
Improving the quality of life for
disadvantaged communities

e-Government contd.

Building blocks of e-Government

Institutional Infrastructure
Legal Infrastructure
Data/Information Infrastructure
Human Infrastructure
Technical Infrastructure

e-Government contd.

UNs global e-Government survey

Infrastructure Index
Web Measure Index
Human Capital Index
Internet Users and PCs Index
Telephone and Cellular Index

Based on above rankings, eGovernment Readiness Ranking 2005

was developed

e-Government contd.
UNs e-Government survey 2005
e-Government Readiness Ranking
Index
Country

Ranking

2005

2005

Ranking
Change

2004

US

0.9062

Denmark

0.9058

-0

Sweden

0.8983

UK

0.8777

-1

Korea

0.8727

China

0.5078

57

67

10

India

0.4001

87

86

-1

Tajikistan

0.3346

117

Nepal

0.3021

126

132

Bhutan

0.2941

130

165

35

Pakistan

0.2836

136

122

- 14

Bangladesh

0.1762

162

159

-3

Afghanistan

0.1490

168

171

e-Government contd.
UNs e-Government survey
2005
Human Capital Index
Human Capital Index
Country
2005

2004

2003

USA

0.9700

0.970

0.98

Republic of Korea

0.9700

0.960

0.95

India

0.5900

0.570

0.57

Sri Lanka

0.8300

0.820

0.84

Nepal

0.5000

0.500

0.48

e-Government contd.
UNs e-Government survey 2005
Infrastructure Index

Web Measure Index

Infrastructure Index

Web Measure Index

Country

Country
2005

2004

2003

2005

2004

2003

USA

0.7486

0.770

0.801

USA

1.0000

1.000

1.000

Republic of
Korea

0.6713

0.666

0.675

Republic of
Korea

0.9769

0.946

0.607

India

0.0277

0.026

0.027

India

0.5827

0.568

0.522

Sri Lanka

0.0359

0.034

0.036

Sri Lanka

0.3192

0.270

0.279

Nepal

0.0063

0.006

0.006

Nepal

0.4000

0.336

0.319

e-Government contd.
UNs e-Government survey 2005
Internet Users and PCs Index (per 100 persons)
Country

Internet Users

Internet Users Index

PCs

PC Index

USA

55.600

0.824

66.000

0.807

Republic of Korea

61.000

0.904

55.800

0.682

India

1.800

0.027

0.700

0.009

Sri Lanka

1.300

0.019

1.700

0.021

Nepal

0.300

0.004

0.400

0.005

Telephone and Cellular Index

Country

Telephone Data

Telephone Index

Cellular Data

Cellular Index

USA

62.3800

0.5998

54.5800

0.4572

Republic of Korea

53.8300

0.5176

70.0900

0.5871

India

4.6300

0.0445

2.4700

0.0207

Sri Lanka

4.9000

0.0471

7.2700

0.0609

Nepal

1.5700

0.0151

0.2100

0.0018

e-Government contd.
E-Government Readiness by Country, 2007

e-Government contd.

e-Government survey 2010

On-line service index

Human capital index
Telecommunication infrastructure
index

Based on above 3 indexes,

e-Government Development Index
has been developed

e-Government contd.
Top 20 Countries In e-Government Development,
2010

e-Government contd.
South Asian Countries In e-Government
Development, 2010

Types of e-Government
Services

4 main customers of e-Government

Citizens
Business community
Government agencies
Government employees

E-Government aims to deliver these

customers convenient, transparent,
inexpensive and effective service

Types of e-Government
Services contd.

Hence, 4 types of e-Government services

Government to Citizen (G2C)

Government to Business (G2B)

Services provided by government to business

community

Government to Government (G2G)

Services provided by Government to Citizens

Services provided by government to govenment

Government to Employee (G2E)

Services provided by government to employees

Types of e-Government
Services contd.

Government to Citizen (G2C)

Services: license renewal, filling income tax, vital

registration, health care, hospital information,
education, libraries etc.
Case study: Singapores e-Citizen Portal

1600 e-services on health, education, business, employment,

family
1300 services on-line (transactional)
One-stop access to government services
Some of the e-services

Purchase of apartments
Voter registration
Employment search
School information

Types of e-Government
Services contd.

Government to Business (G2B)

Services: registering business, renewing license,

obtaining permits, payment of taxes, obtaining
business information, downloading application
forms
Case study: Chinas Golden Customs

Submit import/export declarations to customs

authorities
Calculate duty payments
Check import/export statistics
Benefits:

efficient customs management, prevent illegal activities

Criminal and smuggling cases worth US$ 96mil.
Increase of tariff payment by US$86mil.

Types of e-Government
Services contd.

Government to Government (G2G)

Services: immigration system, land information, GIS,

KMS, groupware
G2G takes place at two levels

Local or domestic level

International level

Case study: Global Cooperation on Transactional Crime

Increasing use of Internet for organized crime and illegal

trafficking activities
Dec. 2000, 124 states signed UN Convention against
Transactional Crime
Information sharing among states about organized crime
groups

Types of e-Government
Services contd.

Government to Employee (G2E)

Services: specialized G2C service for

government employees only e.g. HRD
training
Case study: Mississippi USAs Payroll
Information Service

View payroll and tax information

Mistakes in payroll solved in 2 days instead of 2
weeks
Saves US$0.50 in every form that is printed and
mailed

ALTERNATE Means of eGovernment Realization

Through SMS
Case study: Philippines using
appropriate technologies in eGovernment

Issuing of fake receipts to taxpayers

Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) introduced
SMS notification system
Notifies confirmation message within 38 hrs
that the authorized banks received the
payments

ALTERNATE Means of eGovernment Realization

contd.
Through Radio

Developing countries face lack of IT

infrastructure to realize e-Government
Case study: Intelligent Intermediaries in
Sri Lanka

Radio as an interface between rural people

and Internet
1 hour live program, announcer and
resource persons browse Internet in
response to listeners requests/questions

e-Government Stages
5 stages of e-Government
Stage 1

Emerging web presence

Creation of the government website. Basic and limited level of information is
provided in a static manner

Stage 2

Enhanced web presence

Expansion in government websites. Increased dynamics in information through
regular updates of information/contents

Stage 3

Interactive web presence

Usage of electronic formats. 2-way communications via web (online application,
confirmation and response)

Stage 4

Transactional web presence

Provision of actual online services, process handling and electronic payment

Stage 5

Fully integrated web presence (seamless)

All services and links are provided on a single government portal, and all the
administrative services can be processed on-line

e-Government Stages
contd.
Higher
Services

Service level

Stage
Stage5:
5:eGovt
eGovtfor
for
joined-up
Government
joined-up Government
Stage
Stage4:
4:eGovt
eGovtfor
for
exchange
exchangeofofvalue
value
transactions
transactions
Stage
Stage3:
3:eGovt
eGovtfor
for22
way
waycommunications
communications
Stage
Stage2:
2:eGovt
eGovtfor
for11
way
waycommunications
communications
Stage
Stage1:
1:eGovt
eGovtfor
for
Internal
InternalProcess
Process
Improvements
Improvements

Lower
Services
Lower
Tech

Technology level

Higher
Tech

e-Government Stages
contd.
E-Government Presence by Country, 2007

Legal Infrastructure for

e-Government

Law on e-Government
Law on e-Transaction
Law on e-Signature
Law on Disclosing Administration
Information
Law on Protection of Personal
Information
Law on Informatization Promotion

Development of eGovernment in Nepal

Realization of Five Building Blocks
of
e-Government in Nepal

Institutional Infrastructure
Legal Infrastructure
Data/information infrastructure
Human Infrastructure
Technical Infrastructure

Development of eGovernment in Nepal

contd.

Institutional Infrastructure

1996, Ministry of Science and

Technology
2002, National Information Technology
Center
2003, High Level Commission for
Information Technology
2006, Controller Certification Authority

Development of eGovernment in Nepal

contd.

Legal Infrastructure

IT Policy 2057
Telecommunication Policy 2060
Electronic Transaction Act 2063
IT Policy 2067

Development of eGovernment in Nepal

contd.

Data/Information Infrastructure

Digitization of data started by some

organizations
Keeping records in electronic form by
some organizations
Establishment of Government
Integrated Data Center (GIDC)

Development of eGovernment in Nepal

contd.
Human Infrastructure

Skilled manpower by universities, colleges

Engineers, programmers from overseas
Semi-skilled manpower by training
institutes
Training programs to government
employees
Awareness program among general public

Development of eGovernment in Nepal

contd.
Technical Infrastructure

Fiber optic network in Singhdurbar

Fiber optic network along East west highway
Proposed fiber optic network along north-south
SASEC Information Highway connecting Nepal,
India, Bangladesh and Bhutan
Establishment of Tele-centers
Rural Telecommunication Fund for connecting
all district headquarter through fiber optic

Development of eGovernment in Nepal

contd.
Three year interim plan (2064/65 -2066/67) envisaged

following activities to promote e-Governance

IT Park in Banepa
Expansion of Tele-centers
eGMP implementation
Promotion of R&D in Universities
E-Governance Training to government employees
Awareness promotion activities
Controller Office and Payment Gateway establishment
Fiber Optic Network operation in central agencies
Enactment of laws regarding VOIP, Payment Gateway and
Wireless operation
Formulation of Acts and Regulations on ICT
Formation of ICT Service Group
Promotion of CAN Info Tech like events

Nepals e-Government
Master Plan 2006

e-Government Master Plan (eGMP)

Prepared by Ministry of Science and

Technology with the help of Korean IT
Promotion Agency (KIPA)
Started in 2005 and completed in
2006

Nepals e-Government
Master Plan 2006 contd.

e-Government Master Plans vision and mission

Vision

Citizen-centered service
Transparent service
Networked government
Knowledge based society

Mission

Improve the quality of peoples life without any

discrimination, transcending regional and racial
differences, and realize socio-economic development
by building a transparent government and providing
value added quality services through ICT.

Nepals e-Government
Master Plan 2006 contd.
Nepals e-Government status
Ministry

Informatized Task

Database

ICT Staff

CIAA

14

EC

Preparing voter list

IVRS, DVRS

90

FCGO

Budget implementation

DECS

10

FMIS
HLCIT

Maintaining documents

DMS

12

Maintaining revenue

GAS

MoF

Budget management

BMIS

MoFA

Issuing passport

PSI

MoHP

Training

HURDIS

MoLD

Local development

Arcview

Arc GIS
ArcInfo
NPC

PSC

Project management

PPIS

Expenditure management

MTF

Financial management

Accounting
System

Recording applicants

Examination

13

Nepals e-Government
Master
Plan
2006
contd.
Nepals e-Government status contd.
Ministry

Informatized Task

Database

ICT Staff[1]

MoAC

MCM[2]

MoCTCA

MoD

MoES

19

MoEST

MoFSC

MoGA

32

MoHA

29

MoICS

MoIC

18

MoLTM

MoLRM

MoL

MoPPW

MoWR

MoWCSW

NVC[3]

NLRC[4]

Peace
Secretariat

Nepals e-Government
Master
Plan
2006
contd.
Priority e-Government Projects
Phase

Priority

Project

Type

Government Portal

G2C

Groupware

G2G

EA

Infra

GIDC

Infra

NID

G2C

e-Education

G2G

PKI

Infra

e-Authentication

G2G

e-Tax

G2G

10

e-Customs

G2B

11

e-Vehicle

G2C

12

e-Drivers License

G2C

13

e-Land

G2G

14

e-Procurement

G2B

15

Passport Management

G2C

16

Immigration

G2G

17

BRAMS

G2B

18

e-Health

G2C

19

e-Commerce

G2B

20

e-Agriculture

G2C

Nepals e-Government
Master Plan 2006 contd.

Key success factors for e-Government

realization in Nepal

Commitment from Head of state

Strong implementing organization
Organizational and institutional system
Introduction of cutting edge technologies
Promotion of domestic IT companies for
e-Government projects

Nepals e-Government
Master Plan 2006 contd.

Key success factors contd.

Fund mechanism for large scale

investment
Monitoring and assessing mechanism
Usages status assessment after
project completion
Incentives/remuneration system
based on performance

ADB Funding on
e-Government Projects

ADBs support for e-Government

US$ 30mil. Grant assistance for ICT

Development Project

National ID
Vehicle License
Land Record Management
Public Service Commission
Enterprise Architecture
Groupware

Challenges of eGovernment

Strong commitment from political and

administrative leaders
Lack of long term vision and strategy
Lack of e-Government Act
No Apex Body for e-Government
Sustainability of Tele-centers
Difficulty in Change management
Payment Gateway and Digital Signatures
Awareness among general public

Free and Open Source

Software (FOSS) and
Unicode
Why Open Source Software?

Nominal ownership cost

No licensing agreement
Interoperability
Distributable
Source code available so can easily be
localized

Nepal is a signatory to WTO, WIPO.

Therefore should abide by copyright rules
Promotion of Open Source Software in
government agencies

Conclusion

Although there are number of challenges faced

by Nepal in various fronts, ICT can and should
play as an effective development tool to
overcome geographical boundaries to achieve
its developmental goals. In this context, eGovernment can transform the traditional way
of governments public service delivery to a
more transparent, efficient and cost effective
manner. Ultimately, this will help bridge digital
divide, poverty reduction and attain the
Millennium Development Goal (MDG) set by
UN.

References

E-Government Master Plan Consulting

Report 2006
UN Global e-Government Readiness Report
2005
UN e-Government Survey 2010
E-Government UNDP-APDIP 2003
Promoting e-Governance in Nepal, 2065
Electronic Government for Developing
Countries, ITU, 2008

Thank You !!!