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(wash)
Dialysis
Feed: Liquid at P1, containing solvent, solutes of type A, solutes of type B,
and/or insoluble colloids.
Wash: solvent at P2 .
Product: liquid diffusate (permeate) containing solvent, solute A, small
amounts of solute B
Retentate: dialysate solvent containing remaining A,B and retained colloidal
matter.
Membrane: thin, microporous. Size of pores allowing solutes of type A to
pass, for larger solutes of type B reduced or no passage.
kiF , kiP : mass-transfer coefficients for the feed side and permeate-side
boundary layers.
At the anode:
Oxidation of water: H2O → 2e- + ½ O2 (g) + 2H+
If Cl- are present: 2 Cl- → 2e- + Cl2 (g)
The driving force for the transport of solvent through the membrane
is: (∆ P - ∆ π ) and the rate of mass transport is:
NH2O = ( PMH2O / lM ) (∆ P - ∆ π )
Ni = ( Di / lM ) ( c’io – c’iL )
Di is the diffusivity of solute in the membrane, c’io and c’iL are feed side
and permeate side solute concentrations in the membrane. The flux
of solute is independent on pressure. The higher ∆ P, the purer the
permeate water.
For RO of seawater and of solutions with low salt content, the osmotic
pressure can be estimated by:
π = 1.12 T Σ mi
CP effect is seen to be most significant for high water fluxes and low
mass-transfer coefficients.
cWP
cWF
cWl
cSl
cSF
cSM
cSP
60%w ethanol
25%w ethanol
(mAF CpA + mBF CpB ) (TF-TR) = (mAP CpA + mBP CpB ) (TP-TR)
+ (mAP ∆ HA + mBP ∆ HB )
ai(1) = γ i
(1)
xi(1)
Combining: pi(1) = γ i
(1)
xi(1) PiS(1)
At the downstream vapor side (2), the partial pressure is: