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MEC551
THERMAL
THERMAL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
5.0 Combustion
Processes
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Fuels, mass balance, combustion
equations, stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric analysis.
2. Application on the 1st law to combustion
process and enthalpy of combustion.
Properties of mixture
Combustion process involves mixture of
components.
Mixture substances that has 2 or more
components in forming (air).
Each component have their own properties
mole, mole fractions, molecular weight, gas
constant etc.
Ni
yi
Nm
i individual component
m mixture
mi
mf i
mm
N i number of moles
m mass
i individual component
m mixture
m
M
N
N M y M
N
i
R
R
M
8.314kJ / kmol.K
Pi N i RT / V N i
P N RT / V N
Pi Vi
Ni
yi
Pm Vm N m
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Combustion
Theory
Definition = A chemical reaction during which a fuel is
oxidized and a large of energy is released. A microscopic
process to convert stored chemical energy into useful
heat energy.
Primary element; Fuel, Oxygen (air) and Heat.
Fuel
Any material that releases energy when oxidized, consist
hydrocarbon, exists in all phases.
Common hydrocarbon fuels; gasoline (C8H18 octane),
diesel (C12H26 dodecane), methane (CH4), LPG, etc
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Combustion
Oxygen (air)
Dry air consists of 20.9% O2, 78.1% N2, 0.9% argon and other gases.
Air also contain water vapor, at low temperature ideal gas, At high
temperature break into H2, O2, H and OH.
Combustion
Heat
lgnition temperatures of various fuels at atmospheric air
Combustion
Combustion Equation
For a complete combustion process, the products are already well known
ie. CO2 , H2O and N2 (if applicable)
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Combustion
Incomplete combustion;
Write down known mole numbers ie. fuel, air, certain products.
Balance CO2 , CO, and unburned C with the number of C from the
fuel.
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Combustion
Air-Fuel Ratio;
AF ratio is a ratio to quantify the amount of air and fuel that exists
in the combustion process. It is expressed in a mass basis.
Equivalence ratio;
Combustion
(Example 14-1)
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Combustion
Stoichiometric (Theoretical) air;
Excess air is the term used when combustion air is supplied greater
than stoichiometric air.
0% excess air is equal to 100% stoichiometric air.
50% excess air is equal to 150% stoichiometric air.
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Combustion
Combustion
Analyzing Combustion Products;
Actual cases even the supply of excess air fails to ensure complete
combustion occurs. lt is almost impossible to predict the exact
composition of composition products on the basis of mass
conservation alone.
16
Combustion
Effect of Moisture in Combustion Air;
17
Combustion
(Example 14-2)
18
Combustion
(Example 14-3)
19
Combustion
(Example 14-4)
Combustion
Energy Analysis of Combustion Processes ;
Thermodynamics point of view, the amount of heat energy
released during a combustion process is the important
aspect to study.
Basically the heat energy released from a combustion
process comes from the chemical energy contain in the
fuel.
Combustion
Combustion
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Combustion
(Example 14-5 & 14-6)
1)
2)