Smog

Asap-kabut
Fisling
Pert-10, 2009
Pfis-FKIP Untan
LS
Asbut
Particulate matter (PM) represents the collection of very tiny liquid and
solid particles that are suspended in the air
 Temperature inversion
• One situation in which a low level, or surface inversion,
might take place is on a clear night, when the earth's
surface radiates heat away rapidly. If the air is clear, the
ground, and the air directly above it, can be cooler than
the air at higher altitudes.
• advectional inversion, involves a horizontal inflow of cold
air. This might be air blowing in from cold water to a
coastal area
• night in valleys, when cold, dense air flows downslope
under the influence of gravity, draining off the slopes and
uplands, and into the valleys.
Cartoon illustrating the main components of Photochemical Smog
formation
Chemical Transformations of Nitrogen Oxides
 Smog
• What we typically call smog today is a mixture of air
pollutants—nitrogen oxides and volatile organic
compounds—that combine with sunlight to form ozone.

Ozone can be beneficial or harmful, good or bad, depending on its

location. Ozone in the stratosphere, high above the Earth, acts as a
barrier that protects human health and the environment from excessive
amounts of solar radiation. On the other hand, ground-level ozone,
trapped near the ground by heat inversions or other weather conditions,
is what causes the respiratory distress and burning eyes associated with
smog
• The term "smog" was first used in London
during the early 1900's to describe the
combination of smoke and fog that often
blanketed the city. According to several
sources, the term was first coined by Dr. Henry
Antoine des Voeux in his paper, “Fog and
Smoke,” which he presented at a meeting of the
Public Health Congress in July 1905.
 The cause of smog
• Smog-forming pollutants come from many sources such as automobile
exhaust, power plants, factories and many consumer products, including
paint, hairspray, charcoal starter fluid, chemical solvents, and even plastic
popcorn packaging. In typical urban areas, at least half of the smog
precursors come from cars, buses, trucks, and boats.
• Major smog occurrences often are linked to heavy motor vehicle traffic, high
temperatures, sunshine, and calm winds. Weather and geography affect the
location and severity of smog. Because temperature regulates the length of
time it takes for smog to form, smog can occur more quickly and be more
severe on a hot, sunny day.
• When temperature inversions occur (that is, when warm air stays near the
ground instead of rising) and the wind is calm, smog may remain trapped
over a city for days. As traffic and other sources add more pollutants to the
air, the smog gets worse. Ironically, smog is often more severe farther away
from the sources of pollution, because the chemical reactions that cause
smog take place in the atmosphere while pollutants are drifting on the wind.
 • VOCs mean volatile organic
compounds and are found in
a wide variety of products such as
solvent-based paints, printing inks,
many consumer products, organic
solvents and petroleum products.
In addition to motor vehicles, the
use of these VOC-containing
products releases VOCs that
eventually cause air pollution and
smog
1) Nitrogen oxides generate oxygen
atoms
2) Oxygen atoms form hydroxyl radicals
3) Hydroxyl radicals generate
hydrocarbon radicals
4) Hydrocarbon radicals form
hydrocarbon peroxides
5) Hydrocarbon peroxides form
aldehydes
6) Aldehydes form aldehyde peroxides
7) Aldehyde peroxides form
peroxyacylnitrates
volatile organic
compounds
• Smog can irritate our eyes, nose
and throat, or can worsen existing
heart and respiratory problems
such as asthma. People with heart
and lung problems, the elderly and
children whose respiratory
systems are still developing are
most at risk. Healthy adults of all
ages who exercise or work
vigorously outdoor are more
sensitive to the pollution because
of their higher level of exposure
than people who are less active
outdoor. Prolonged exposure to
severe smog condition may cause
permanent damage to lung tissue
and affect our immune system. In
addition, smog impairs visibility
and has a negative impact on
tourism.
• To form photochemical smog, three main ingredients are needed: nitrogen oxides (NOx),
hydrocarbons, and energy from the sun in the form of ultraviolet light (UV).
• The first thing that starts the chain of events is that people start driving in the morning.
As gasoline is burned, nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere is also burned, or oxidized, forming
nitric oxide (NO)
• N2 + O2=2NO
• Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (CO) will also be emitted by cars. Hydrocarbons are
volatile organic compounds that may include acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, ethylene, and
many other compounds.
• In the air, nitric oxide combines with molecular oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide within a few
hours.
• 2NO + O2--------->2NO2
• Nitrogen dioxide absorbs light energy and splits to form nitric oxide and atomic oxygen:
• NO2-->NO + O
• Then, in sunlight, the atomic oxygen combines with oxygen gas to form ozone (O3):
• O+ O2--->O3
• If no other factors are involved, ozone and nitric oxide then react to form nitrogen dioxide
and oxygen gas.
• O3 + NO<------>NO2 + O2
• This last reaction can go in either direction, depending on temperature and the amount of
sunlight. If there is a lot of sunlight, the equation moves to the left, and more ozone is
produced. If nothing else gets in the way, an equilibrium is reached, and the ozone level
stabilizes.
• However, there is something else involved. Remember that the cars are also emitting
hydrocarbons as well as oxides of nitrogen. Hydrocarbons are the other main ingredient in
photochemical smog. When hydrocarbons are present, nitric oxide reacts with them instead
of the ozone. This reaction produces a variety of toxic products, such as a volatile
compound known as PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate).
• NO + hydrocarbons----------------->PAN and various other compounds. Also,
• NO2 +hydrocarbons------------------>PAN and various other compounds
Smog reduction
• Plants have two options
to defend themselves
from ozone. They can
prevent ozone from
entering the leaf by
closing their stomata, or
use the antioxidant
qualities of vitamin C to
detoxify the ozone that
enters through open
stomata and also protect
the photosynthetic
machinery in the leaf.
Asap
 What Is Smoke?
• That depends upon the kind of fuel that is burned. Smoke from a fire of dry
hard wood, from anthracite coal or from a gas flame is chiefly a column of
hot air. Often it cannot be seen. There is very little solid matter in it. The
thick, black smoke from locomotives, factories and house chimneys is made
by burning soft coal in a wasteful way. If you will turn back and read the little
story of how gas is made, you will understand the changes that take place
when coal is heated. In making gas, the coal is not burned but is roasted in
an airless retort or oven. The heat sets the coal gas free. This is allowed to
escape into a tank where it is stored for future use. When the oven is
opened there is found, not ashes but coke, the carbon of the coal. Nothing
has been consumed. The gases and the carbon have simply been
separated. Both the coke and the gas can be burned and with very little
smoke.
• Smoke is a collection of very small carbon particles and tiny drops of oils
and tars. Individual particles are too small to see with the naked eye, but
many particles together become easily seen as wood smoke. It arises
because the fuel is not burnt properly. Smoke is therefore wasted fuel.
Kabut
 Dew
• Dew is liquid moisture on the ground that is seen in the
morning. It can be confused with rain but the moisture did not
result from rain. At night the ground will cool. If there is enough
moisture in the air and the cooling is great enough then
condensation will occur on the ground. The formation of the
condensation is the same process that occurs when you leave
a glass of ice water out when there is moisture in the air. You
will see condensation forming on the outside of the glass. This
is because the glass is cold (ground is cold) and there is
enough moisture in the air that the dewpoint is reached.
Vegetation and animals can get moisture from the dew forming
process even when there is no moisture available from rain.
 Frost
• Frost forms is the same way as dew except it occurs
when the dewpoint is below freezing. True frost forms
when the temperature is below freezing. The moisture
goes straight from a gas to a solid. If the moisture goes
from a gas to a liquid and then to a solid then the result
will be frozen dew. You can tell the difference between
frost and frozen dew by looking at them. Frost looks
more feathery, brighter and you can see the crystal
formations. Frozen dew is solid and does not have quite
the white appearance as frost.
 What is fog?
• Fog is a cloud which is in contact with the
ground. Much like clouds in the sky, fog forms
when the air becomes supersaturated, meaning
that it can no longer hold moisture in the form of
vapor. As a result, water precipitates out of the
air, forming a fine mist of water droplets. If the
air becomes saturated enough, the droplets will
turn into drizzle or rain. If you're curious, the
foggiest place on Earth appears to be the Grand
Banks, an area off the coast of Newfoundland.
 The cause of fog

• Fog can be considered a cloud at ground level. The processes forming it,
however, are usually different from those that form clouds. Like clouds, fog is
made up of condensed water droplets which is the result of the air being cooled
to the point (actually, the dewpoint) where it can no longer hold all of the water
vapor it contains. For clouds, that cooling is from the rising of air parcels, which
cools from expansion. For fog, which occurs next to the ground, there are
usually other reasons for this cooling. For instance, rain can cool and moisten
the air near the surface until fog forms. Also, infrared cooling of a cloud-free,
humid air mass at night can lead to fog formation - this is called "radiation fog".
Radiation fog is most common in the fall, when nights get longer, and land and
water surfaces that have warmed up during the summer are still evaporating
alot of water into the atmosphere. Finally, a warm moist air mass blowing over a
cold surface (usually snow or ice) can also cause fog to form-this is called
"advection fog".
 BLACK SMOKE
The main cause of excessive BLACK
SMOKE is too much diesel fuel. A
rich air-fuel mixture allows carbon
(ash) to blow out of the exhaust
system. Black smoke may be due to
problems with the injection pump,
injection timing, air cleaner, injectors
fuel, or the engine itself.

1. Faulty injectors ( injectors need

attention at about 100,000 to 120,000
km)
2. Faulty injectors pumps
3. Dirty air cleaner
4. Turbocharger or intercooler faulty
5. Problems within cylinder head,
valves clogged up due to faulty EGR
( exhaust gas recycling unit)
 WHITE SMOKE
• WHITE SMOKE occurs mainly during
cold starts. The smoke usually
consists of condensed fuel particles.
The cold engine parts cause the fuel to
condense into a liquid, which will not
burn. The most common reasons for
white exhaust smoke are inoperative
glow plugs, low engine compression,
thermostat stuck open, bad injector
spray pattern, late injection timing, and
cold start (injection pump) problems.
The smoke will burn your eyes.
• Engine/pump timing out.
• Fuel starvation to pump causing the
pumps timing not to operate correctly.
• Low engine compression
• Water/petrol in the fuel
 BLUE SMOKE
Excessive BLUE SMOKE may be
due to oil consumption from
worn piston rings, scored
cylinder walls, or leaking valve
stem seals. White-blue smoke,
however, is normally caused
by incomplete combustion or
injection system problems.

• Warn cylinders or piston rings

• Faulty valves or valve stern
seals,
• Engine over full with engine oil.
• Faulty injector pump/lift pumps
allowing engine oil to be mixed
with the diesel.
Cirrus
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus

Cirrostratus
Cumulus humilis

Cirrocumulus
Cumulus mediocris
Cumulus congestus
Stratus
Stratocumulus
Altostratus
Altocumulus