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Units of Work
N . m = Joule (J)
- Work
If the force has a
component in the
opposite direction of
the displacement.
Example 1
Example 2
4.
0
5.
kg
0
m
= 0.30
30o
F
WF = Fx
x
x (m)
Example 3
A particle moving in the xy plane undergoes a
^
^
displacement x = (2.0 i + 3.0 j) m as a
^
^
constant force F = (5.0 i + 2.0 j) N acts on the
particle.
a) Calculate the magnitudes of the
displacement and the force.
xf
W = Fxx
xi
As x approaches 0,
xf
lim Fxx =
x 0
F dx
xi
Therefore,
xf
W=
F dx
xi
Example 1
Example 2
F= -
1.3 x 1022
x2
Graphical Solution
~ 60 squares
Fs = -kx
spring constant
in N/m
position relative to
equilibrium position
stretched spring
equilibrium position
compressed spring
xf
Ws =
F dx =
xi
(-kx)dx =
kx2
Ws = kx2
Work done by the spring force is positive
because the force is in the same direction
as displacement.
Ws =
xi
Ws =
xi
Fappdx =
xf
xi
Example 3
Example 4
If it takes 4.00 J of work to stretch a Hookes
Law spring 10.0 cm from its unstressed
length, determine the extra work required to
stretch it an additional 10.0 cm.
Example 5
A light spring with spring constant 1200 N/m
is hung from an elevated support. From its
lower end a second light spring is hung,
which has spring constant 1800 N/m. An
object of mass 1.50 kg is hung at rest from
the lower end of the second spring.
a) Find the total extension distance of the
pair of springs.
Example 6
^
Work done by F is
xf
W =
F dx
xi
xf
ma dx
W =
xi
xf
W =
xi
dv
m
dx
dt
xf
(by chain-rule) W =
xi
vf
W =
dv
m
dx
mv
dx
dx
dt
dv
vi
W = mvf2 mvi2
Kinetic Energy
KE = mv2
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Fx = max
Fx)x = (max)x
ax =
vf - v i
t
x = (vi + vf) t
Fx)x = m
vf - v i
t
) (v + v ) t
i
KE in General
-fkd = KE
d = length of any
path followed
Example 1
A 6.0 kg block initially at rest is pulled to
the right along a horizontal surface by a
constant horizontal force of 12 N.
a) Find the speed of the block after it has
moved 3.0 m if the surfaces in
contact have a coefficient of kinetic
friction of 0.15.
Example 2
A 40.0 kg box initially at rest is pushed 5.00
m along a rough, horizontal floor with a
constant applied horizontal force of 130 N. If
the coefficient of friction between box and
floor is 0.300, find
a) the work done by the applied force
Lesson 5 : Power
Average Power
time rate of energy transfer
P=
W
t
Instantaneous Power
P = lim
t 0
P=
dW
dt
W
t
F . dx
dt
dW
dt
.
F
v
=
Units of Power
SI unit of power is J/s or the Watt (W).
1 W = 1 J/s = 1 kg . m2/s3
Example 1
Example 2
Find the instantaneous power delivered by
gravity to a 4 kg mass 2 s after it has fallen
from rest.
Example 3
Find the instantaneous power delivered by
the net force at t = 2 s to a 0.5 kg mass
moving in one dimension according to x(t) =
1/3 t3.
Example 4
Example 5 : AP 2003 #1
100 kg
____ Equal
Ug = mgy
W = Ug
Units for Ug are Joules (J). Like work
and KE, Ug is a scalar quantity.
Example 1
A bowling ball held by a careless bowler
slips from the bowlers hands and drops
on the bowlers toe. Choosing floor level
as the y = 0 point of your coordinate
system, estimate the change in
gravitational PE of the ball-Earth system
as the ball falls. Repeat the calculation,
using the top of the bowlers head as the
origin of coordinates.
Example 2
A 400 N child is in a swing that is attached
to ropes 2.00 m long. Find the
gravitational potential energy of the childEarth system relative to the childs lowest
position when
a) the ropes are horizontal
b) the ropes make a 30o angle with the
vertical
c) the child is at the bottom of the circular
arc.
So,
KE = -Ug
represents all
types of potential
energy
Us = kx2
Example 1
A ball of mass m is
dropped from a height h
above the ground, as
shown.
a) Neglecting air resistance,
determine the speed of
the ball when it is at a
height y above the
ground.
Example 2
Example 3
The launching mechanism of a
toy gun consists of a spring of
unknown spring constant.
When the spring is compressed
0.120 m, the gun, when fired
vertically, is able to launch a
35.0 g projectile to a maximum
height of 20.0 m above the
position of the projectile before
firing.
a) Neglecting all resistive forces,
determine the spring constant.
of
Example 4
A bead slides without friction around a loopthe-loop. The bead is released from a height
h = 3.50R.
a) What is its speed at point A ?
Example 5
Example 6 : AP 1989 # 1
Example 7 : AP 1985 # 2
Conservative Forces
1. The work done by a conservative force
on a particle moving between any two
points is independent of the path
taken
by the particle.
2. The work done by a conservative force
on a particle moving through any
closed path is zero. (A closed path is one
in which the beginning and end points are
identical.)
yi
Fg
Wg depends on y
coordinates and is
independent of the path
Wg is zero when the object
moves over any closed
path (where yi = yf).
yf
Fg
Nonconservative Forces
A force that does not satisfy the
properties of a conservative force.
Work done by force depends on the path.
Nonconservative forces
acting within a system
cause a change in the
mechanical energy of the
system.
Example 1
A 3.00 kg crate slides down a ramp. The
ramp is 1.00 m in length and inclined at an
angle of 30.0o. The crate starts from rest at
the top, experiences a constant friction
force of magnitude 5.00 N, and continues
to move a short distance on the horizontal
floor after it leaves the ramp. Use energy
methods to determine the speed of the
crate at the bottom of the ramp.
Example 2
A child of mass m rides
on an irregularly curved
slide of height h = 2.00 m.
The child starts from rest
at the top.
Example 3
Wc =
xi
dx = -U
xf
U = Uf Ui = -
F
xi
dx
F
F
equiibrium
Ug is negative
Us is negative
xf
Uf (x) = -
F
xi
dx + Ui
dU = -Fx dx
dU
Fx = dx
Gravitational PE
dUg
Fg = dy
d
Fg = dy
Fg = -mg
(mgy)
Elastic PE
dUs
Fs = dx
d
Fs = (1/2 kx2)
dx
Fs = -kx
(Hookes Law)
Example 1
Consider the potential energy of two
molecules given by
U=
A
r12
B
r6
KE
PE
Negative slope
equals F
Stable equilibrium
U(x) is a minimum
dU
= -kx
dx
Fx is negative
Fx is positive
Acceleration
away from x = 0
Acceleration
away from x = 0
unstable equilibrium
Example 1
For the potential energy curve shown below,
Example 2
A particle moves along a line where the
potential energy of its system depends on its
position r as graphed below. In the limit as r
increases without bound, U(r) approaches +1J.
Example 3
to
Example 4 : AP 1987 # 2
The following graph shows the potential energy U(x)
of a particle as a function of its position x.
ii. x = 4.0 m
Example 5 : AP 1995 # 2
A particle of mass m moves in a conservative
force field described by the potential energy
function U(r) = a(r/b + b/r), where a and b are
positive constants and r is the distance from the
origin. The graph of U(r) has the following shape.
of
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